Term
| What are the systems of the earth? |
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Definition
| Atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere |
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Term
| What is a geologic rapid change? |
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Definition
| Earthquake, Tsunami, Volcanic Eruption |
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Term
| What is a slow geologic change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A geologic fast-lived, violent event. |
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Term
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Definition
| calculation based on cyclic event, like volcanic eruptions. |
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Term
| Why study earths history? |
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Definition
| learning from the past may allow predictions of the future. |
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Term
| Why study earths history? |
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Definition
| Resources - oil, energy, sand, minerals |
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Term
| Why study earths history? |
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Definition
| Uniformitarianism - physical and chemical processes today assumed to have functioned in earths past, like gravity and streams. |
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Term
| Why study earths history? |
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Definition
| Ecologic implications, why do extinctions occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| indefinite continued progress of existence and events. Sequence of events and activities. |
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Term
| Oldest rocks are how old? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks on the moon are how old? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atom with same protons, different neutrons. C12, C13, C14 |
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Term
| C12 is favored by biology |
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Definition
| C14 is unstable, which shows radioactive decomposition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Banded iron formation shows what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Banded iron formation shows end of which era? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| believed earth was created 23 October, 4004 B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| provisional explanations of phenomena, subjected to investigation, attempt to disprove, and if you are unable to disprove it will be accepted by the scientific community. |
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Term
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Definition
| unifying idea incorporating the number of hypothesis that are provisionally accepted. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two theories to understand Earth's history? |
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Definition
1. Plate Tectonics
2. Biological evolution. |
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Term
| Who created the taxonomy we use today called the Linnaeus classification? |
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Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
1789
Swedish biologist |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| No, a subspecies. Horse and Donkey |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 part Latin name. Genus species. |
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Term
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Definition
| limits of ancient species may be inferred from preserved physical traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Very small. Lacks a nucleated cell type and certain organelles. Type = archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| Us. Nucleated cell type, more complex and incorporate heritable organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Protocista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
5. Archaebacteria
6. Eubacteria |
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Term
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Definition
methane producing (methanogenic)
Salt loving (halophilic)
Heat/acid loving (thermoacidophilic)
base loving (alkaliphilic) |
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Term
| What was possibly the first organism on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What could have been the first organism on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where was archaebacteria found? |
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Definition
hot springs
salty sea shores
oxygen depleated soils
boiling volcanoes |
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Term
| How does archaebacteria metabolilze? |
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Definition
Chemosynthesis . Converting chemical energy into biologically useful organic compounds.
* excellent candidate for extraterrestrial * |
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Term
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Definition
diverse structure and metabolism
communicate chemically
simple, solitary uni cells
produce "food" through chemical reactions |
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Term
| What type of photosynthesis does eubacteria use? |
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Definition
Photosystem 1, using a shorter wavelength of light
(violet - UV) |
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Term
| What type of photosynthesis do plants use? |
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Definition
Photosystems II,
Longer wavelenth of light, (blue-green) |
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Term
| Which photosystem produces oxygen? |
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Definition
| Photosystems II, plant photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Self producing food and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
live in symbiosis
good fossil record dating to Proterozoic - young Precambrian
can be unicellular/multicellular. |
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Term
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Definition
Algae
oomycetes (water/slime mold)
protozoans (amoebas,diatoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more dissimilar organisms live together in close association to the benefit of both organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is beneficial to only one organism. |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic
Develops from chitinous fungal spores called propagules
Lack locomotion appendages called undulipodia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mostly multicellular
aquire nutrients by digesting living/dead tissue through absorptive heterotrophy (consuming organic compounds)
And their cells can have more than one nucleus per cell. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Asexually is mitosis, which is? |
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Definition
| A division of cell nucleii where parent chromosome number stays the same. |
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Term
| Sexually is meiosis, which is? |
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Definition
| Division of two haploid cells as gametes necessary for sexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular and non-vascular |
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Term
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Definition
Mosses, liverwarts.
Lack true stems, leaves and roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Club mosses, angiosperms (Flowering), gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingesting organic matter. |
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Term
| Characteristics of animals |
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Definition
| heterotrophy, specialized cells (respiration, digestion, protection..etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| dinoflagelate, needs oxygen and clucose. Corals need this to create reefs. Alga |
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Term
| Why is there a loss of alga? |
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Definition
| corals bleaching, dying due to warmer waters. |
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Term
| How are animals classified? |
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Definition
Whether or not there is a backbone. No? Invertebrates, Yes? vertebrates.
Lack organized tissue. Yes? Parazoans, no? metazoans (olfactory system, nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the factors controlling the distribution and abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| Settings inhabited with life forms. |
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Term
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Definition
Graph showing distribution and proportion of Earth's surface.
71% ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| any evidence of ancient life |
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Term
| Older than pre-Holocene (10,000 years) |
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Definition
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Term
| Younger than pre-Holocene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bones, teeth, shell, leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| footmark, evidence of organic presence but no parts, droppings (coprolites), burrows, gastrolith (stomach rock) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical minerals unique to biological activity (magnetite - FeO x Fe2O3 ) |
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Term
| What do you need to form body fossils? |
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Definition
| Durable, inedible hard parts |
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Term
| Fossil record is in favor of what? |
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Definition
| Biomineralized stuff, like calcite, aragonite shells, phosphatic teeth/bones |
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Term
| Fossil record is biased against? |
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Definition
| Insects, spiders, plant leaves...etc.. |
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Term
| Oldest known body fossil? |
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Definition
| Eubacteria is found in strata as old as 3.4 BYA which is the oldest known body fossil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life on Earth seeded from space |
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Term
| What is the most known record for eubacteria? |
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Definition
| Stromatolites and Thrombolites. |
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Term
| Primary physical evidence of life is through which Eons? |
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Definition
Archean and Proterozoic.
(cynobacteria) |
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Term
| Are protocists good fossils? |
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Definition
| yes. Red algae makes calcareous structures in creating Phanerozoic reefs, and green algae is the source of calcareous needles forming in Phanerozoic carbonate muds. |
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Term
| Type of protocists called foraminifera |
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Definition
| 40,000+ species are in fossils back from the Cambrian period. Ex = plankton (pelagic) float, excellent index fossils. |
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Term
| Where is ancient fungi found? |
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Definition
Fossilized hyphae, some borings in wood/shell,
nonmarine and marine deposits |
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Term
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Definition
Leaves, stems, bark, seeds, spores
spores in terrestrial plants are found in the Cabrian strata |
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Term
| First clear evidence of a plant fossil |
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Definition
Silurian period
Stalks, with reproductive organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hard skeletal parts
plenty of mollusks, brachiopods, bryozoans, coral, sponges, chinoderms, arthropods and vertibrates |
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Term
| When were animal fossils first found? |
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Definition
| 550+ MYA at the late proterozoic. Some scientists say more like 600-1500 MYA |
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Term
| Bibles explanation for fossils |
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Definition
| Fossils in the mountains are because of the great flood, it pushed up the mountains and the debris. Erosion suggested the decay of Earth and ultimate destruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insight into the past, ecology, to gather info that may help us today. innate curiosity. important resources like coal found with specific fossil types. economic purposes. |
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Term
| Direct evidence of a fossil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indirect evidence of a fossil? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Shells in rocks far inland from the sea. Decided that the shore couldn't have washed them up because then they would have been broken. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How did Steno start learning about Geology? |
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Definition
| "Tounge stones" were shark teeth |
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Term
| Steno was the first to recognize what? |
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Definition
| Stratification, and formulated a hypothesis on horizontal layering, which occurs as a result of differences in particle size and density. |
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Term
| Principle of superposition. |
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Definition
| Lowermost layer and fossils is the oldest, going up they get younger. Age relationships. |
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Term
| Principle of original horizontality. |
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Definition
| Sediment layers are deposited in nearly horizontal layers, and parallel to earths surface. |
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Term
| Principle of original lateral continuity. |
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Definition
| Sediment depositions spread out in all directions until thinned to zero or bumped against edges of depositional basins and can't go any farther. |
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Term
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Definition
| compare and determine that two layers are the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lost interval in history, a gap in geologic history. |
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Term
| Why would there be an unconformity? |
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Definition
1 - erosion
2 - nothing happened there for a while. (non-deposition) |
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Term
| Four steps to creating an angular unconformity |
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Definition
1. deposition
2. deformation
3. erosiion
4. deposition again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sediment bed in contact with igneous and metamorphic rocks. |
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Term
| Why would a nonconformity exist? |
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Definition
| If the rocks are still hot, the sediment beds would melt on contact. baked. |
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Term
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Definition
| fossils found in layers, used those to correlate layers of rocks. |
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Term
| William "strata" smith made what? |
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Definition
| First geologic map of England and Wales |
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Term
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Definition
| Maped the Paris Basin which led to a huge increase of geology mapping because of the industrial revolution for coal and iron |
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Term
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Definition
| similar assemblages of fossils are of similar age |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for correlation, indicates specifically a layer/group of strata |
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Term
| criteria for being an index fossil |
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Definition
1. Unique, easily recognized
2. Cosmopolitan, found globally
3. Short lived, evolved quickly |
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Term
| Two criteria to rely on index fossils |
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Definition
1. once extinct, stay extinct.
2. no two species can be identical. |
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