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| A president's term in office, or the group of officials that makes up the executive branch, including the president |
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| Officer in the War for Independence: delegate to the Constitutional Convention; Federalist and first secretary of treasury |
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| The war for independence and the social and political changes that accompanied the creation of the United States. |
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| one who opposed the new Constitution between 1787 and 1789. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| first governing document of the USA; left most power to the state legislatures,no executive branch, very limited court functions, unicameral legislature, every state one vote. (1781). |
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| the ruler of the Songhai Empire who profited most from the trade. |
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| an astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun and the stars to find location |
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| viewed as the only way to obtain more bullion; to export more goods than import |
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| June, 1775; Patriots had surrounded Boston and the British Army. Gen. Thomas Gage ordered a frontal assault by about 2200 troops on the Patriot camp on the top of Breed's hill to drive them out. The Patriots would have been victorious had their defenses not been cut short by lack of amunition; over 1000 British casualties. |
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| Battle of Lexington and Concord |
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| April, 1775; one of the earliest battles of the War for Independence; British destroyed Patriot war supplies. Scattered Patriot forces utilized guerilla warfare on the British troops on their way back to Boston; 273 British casualties, 95 Patriot casualties. |
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| December 25, 1776; MA fishermen took Washington and 2400 of his men across the Delaware to Trenton, NJ; they attacked the Hessian forces at dawn with great success and not a single casualty. This was extremely important in boosting the Patriots' morales. |
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| September/October, 1781; Washington's forces lay siege to Cornwallis's in Yorktown, in the Chesapeake Bay area. French forces turned back a British fleet and Cornwallis was trapped by a force double the size of his own. On October 19, 1781 he surrendered his army to Washington and the French. |
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| one of the three energetic forest kingdoms located in Guinea. |
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| The first ten amendments to the Constitution; they guarantee basic rights. |
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| Demonstration in 1773 in which American colonists threw tea from ships in the Boston harbor to protest British Taxes |
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| A means of protest based on refusing to buy products or use services. |
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| Heads of the major departments of the U.S. government who advise the president. |
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| a ship which could sail both with the wind and against it (gave Portugal a head start in world exploration). |
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| type of kinship network; consists of a group of families descended from a common ancestor. |
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| land areas settled by immigrants who continue to be the subject of their mother country |
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| alliance of states formed to coordinate common defense and relations with foreign governments. |
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| villages established by the Spanish to force Native Americans to adapt Spanish customs and religion. |
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| conquerors -- term for the first Spanish invaders of the New World (came for "God, Glory, and Gold") |
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| a war that was fought over 150 years in the year 1096; between the Turks, Christians, and Muslims over their "holy land," Jerusalem. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document declaring the independence of the United States from British Rule under George III |
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| an economic slump characterized by decreased spending by consumers. |
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| a grand name for the federally governed area of the capital |
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| The way that tasks are assigned within a culture; in many traditional cases, different jobs for men and women. |
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| a meeting of the electors, people elected by the populace to be the ones to actually vote for president - each state has as many electors as it has members of Congress |
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| Practice began in the late 1500's in Great Britain of forcing tenants off the land in order to enclose it to raise sheep. |
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| system where Native Americans were required to farm, ranch, or mine for the profit of a Spaniard. In return, they received protection. |
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| Branch of government which carries out laws. |
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| a separate subgroup within a political system or a "special interest group" |
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| where the inland hills meet the coastal plain; in New Jersey, one fall line is Paterson Falls |
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| a supporter of the new United States Constitution in the 1780's; later a political party organized by Hamilton. |
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| a system of duties and exchanges among members of European medieval society, based on land, war, and tradition. |
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| the place where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet to form the Ohio. |
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| War fought by the British and their colonists against the French and their Native American allies from 1754 to 1763 |
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| First President of the United States, led colonists for the Americans in the American Revolution. He also fought in the Fench and Indian War. |
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| a revival of religious feelings (during 1730's and 1740's) |
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| a plan combining other plans (mostly the New Jersey and Virginia plans) where there would be a bicameral legislature with one house having representation by population, and the other receiving equal representation for each state regardless of population |
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| the area in Africa with the heaviest interaction of Europeans and Africans. |
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| young Spanish gentlemen; some came to the New World for "God, Glory, and Gold." |
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| social system of many levels in which each level has power over the levels beneath it |
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| Person who contracts to work for another for a period of time (usually seven years), in return for travel costs, food, and shelter; received land at the end of the indentured period. |
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| steady increases of prices over time that reduce people's ability to buy goods |
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| Colonists name for Coercive Acts of 1774 passed by British gov't meant to punish Massachusetts |
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| the most influential person at the constitutional convention, he was very knowledgeable on law and politics, and brought many ideas to the convention. |
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| The first successful colony in the new world from Great Britain. In a mosquito-infested swamp 60 miles from the mouth of the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region. |
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| The leader of the gentlemen who wished to come to Virginia. |
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| Company of investors who contribute to the cost of a venture and receive a share of the profits (sharing the risks). |
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| Branch of government that decides if laws are consistent and interprets them. |
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| King of England during the American Revolution |
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| a type of social organization consisting of relatives and those who marry into the family |
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| the holy book of the Islamic faith. |
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| Branch of government which makes the laws. |
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| a kinship network where the people in it trace their line of origin from a common ancestor. |
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| Seaboard of South Carolina and Georgia which has land perfect for rice (also indigo) |
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| Colonists that opposed fighting for independence from Britain during the Revolution and preferred to remain loyal to King George III |
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| an economic theory that was meant to increase a nation's wealth and, with it, its power; as much bullion as possible |
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| Leader of Pokanokets in Massachusetts; also known by his English name, King Phillip; led Native Americans in King Phillip's War, 1675-1676 |
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| section of triangular trade between Africa and America |
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| Colonists who fought British forces in the American Revolution; pledged to volunteer military services at a minute's notice |
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| Physical resistance by sailors or passengers on ships; some cases of mutinies by enslaved Africans on slave ships. |
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| Member of 1780s political party which supported strong national government control over states. |
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| Rights that belong to people simply because they are human, not granted by a monarch or government |
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| a plan in which states receive equal representation in a unicameral legislature regardless of population (favored smaller states like NJ). |
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| method of relaying history and beliefs from generation to generation by word of mouth |
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| Colonists that supported fighting for independence from Britain during the Revolution |
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| Native American revolt against British policies in the Great Lakes region in the 1760's. |
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| “brilliant medicine man” rallied disheartened Pueblos and Apaches and revolted against the mistreatment of Native Americans. |
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| Belief that people can and should govern themselves |
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| The leader of the Pamunkey tribe in the Chesapeake Bay region |
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| forts built by the Spanish in the New World to protect their trade routes |
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| an astronomical instrument which uses the sun and the stars to find position on a map |
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| to formally approve a suggested action or document. |
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| Religious movement in Western Europe in the 1500's originally aimed at reforming the Roman Catholic Church. This resulted in the formation of Protestant Churches. |
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| great rebirth of learning and creativity in Europe that began during the 1300s |
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| leader of a Native American culture group |
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| Great Britain neglected to enforce colonies' trade laws and regulate their economies, yet the effects were beneficial. |
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| the idea that the federal government would be broken into different branches, each with their own responsibilities and powers - the three branches were: legislative, executive, and judicial |
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| Agreement between those who govern and those who are governed, defining the rights and limits of each |
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| pre-colonial African state centered in eastern Mali, one of the largest African empires in history. |
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| British act passed that required all printed good to be marked with a stamp showing the tax had been paid. |
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| system of checks and balances |
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| a system where each of the three branches of government had certain checks over the other branches, limiting everyone's power |
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| an act passed by British government that prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains |
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| An American aristocrat who wrote Declaration of Independence along with four other people appointed by the Continental Congress |
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| Author of the political pamphlet Common Sense, written in 1776 |
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| an agreement that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in population counts for representation in a legislative house |
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| Signed in September, 1783 at the close of the revolution; George III no longer the ruler of the colonies; granted popular sovereignty |
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| the trade between three points in the Atlantic World: the Americas, Europe, and Africa; transported rum, firearms, slaves, sugar, etc. |
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| the ability of the President to choose not to sign a bill passed by Congress - this is one of the checks, and can be overturned by a 2/3 majority vote in congress |
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| a plan in which states receive representation in a unicameral legislature based on population (favored larger states like VA). |
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| War fought between American Colonists and Great Britain from 1775-1783, resulting in an independent United States of America |
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| the name of the capital city (not used until 1799) |
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| enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish the first Virginia colony; colonists arrived in groups between 1585 and 1587; later completely disappeared, leaving enigmatic trace: the word "Croatoan" carved into a post of the fort. |
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| Virginia Company incentive plan: new settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were granted one headright (50 acres of land). |
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| originally called the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Jefferson and Madison in 1792 to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists (Hamilton's party) -- not related to present-day Rep. party. |
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| important parts of gov't not explicitly mentioned in Constitution (such as the Cabinet, Judicial Review, Political Parties, Congressional Committees). |
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| penalties against non-Christians while providing equal protection for the freedom of worship of all Christians in Maryland (1649). |
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| bound the signers into a body politic for the purpose of forming a government and pledged them to abide by any laws and regulations that would later be established; signed by 41 adult passengers. |
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| document from the King formalizing the legal status of a colony. |
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| signatories (1775) attempted to assert their rights while maintaining their loyalty to the British crown; refused by George III; used as example of attempted compromise. |
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| any form of government not headed by an hereditary monarch. |
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