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“Must Know” Dates 8,000 BCE to 600 CE |
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- life of Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tsu
(beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism,
Taosim) |
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| Greek Golden Age - philosophers. |
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| Beginnings of Christianity |
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rise of constanopal
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- Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes |
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| Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire |
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| Must Know Terms 8000 B.C.E - 600 C.E |
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| is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), after whom the religion is named |
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| is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept. Tian would bless the authority of a just ruler, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. |
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| are pieces of bone or turtle plastron (underside) bearing the answers to divination chiefly during the late Shang Dynasty |
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| is the structuring of family units based on the man, as father figure, having primary authority over the rest of the family members. Patriarchy also refers to the role of men in society more generally where men take primary responsibility over the welfare of the community as a whole |
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| is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. It also incorporated certain aspects of regulated trade in goods and services between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon duress, and based upon the potential for threats if specific performance did not occur |
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| is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, |
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| is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military, or religious hegemony |
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| took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece |
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| is a system of government in which either the actual governing is carried out by the people governed (direct democracy), or the power to do so is granted by them (as in representative democracy) |
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| was an association of approximately 150[3] 5th-century BC Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea |
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| is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis is often translated as "city-state." |
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| was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states |
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| a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited earth |
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| was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer |
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| 431 to 404 B.C., was an Ancient Greek war, fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta |
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| a language as well as a culture |
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| covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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| series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during various successive dynasties |
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| is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city |
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| is a political and legal theory which can be defined as a belief that politics should be constrained by legal constitutional boundaries |
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| the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion |
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| is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts |
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An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. |
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| Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials. |
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| are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. |
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| Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality. |
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| A man who is the head of a household or the father of a family. |
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| A religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma. |
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| The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth. |
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| Statement of the basic doctrines of Buddhism. They were formulated by the Buddha Gautama in his first sermon. The truths are (1) existence is suffering; (2) desire, or thirst, is its cause; (3) the cessation of suffering is possible; and (4) the way to accomplish this is to follow the Eightfold Path |
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| Buddhist doctrine, stated by the Buddha in his first sermon near Benares, India |
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| is a term often used synonymously with Hīnayāna (see Hīnayāna Buddhism) for the early form of Buddhism that accepts only the teachings of Sākyamuni Buddha |
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| reformed Buddhism that replaces the Nirvāna (see Nirvāna), monastic, and Gautama Buddha |
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| An ascetic religion of India, founded in the sixth century B.C., that teaches the immortality and transmigration of the soul and denies the existence of a perfect or supreme being. |
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| Any of the sacred beings worshiped in Shintoism, conceived as spirits abiding in natural phenomena and sometimes in people with extraordinary qualities. |
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| A dome-shaped monument, used to house Buddhist relics or to commemorate significant facts of Buddhism or Jainism. Also called tope |
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| he predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others |
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| Mississippi Valley earth mounds |
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Earliest codification of ancient Roman law, traditionally dated to 451 – 450 BC. |
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| An official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign country and represent his or her government's commercial interests and assist its citizens there |
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| State of comparative tranquility throughout the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to that of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 – 180) |
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| at Rome, members of certain families, a privileged class, distinguished fom the plebeians, the rest of the citizen body |
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| The common people of ancient Rome: the plebs and the patricians. |
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| In ancient Rome, usually a board of three officials who assisted higher magistrates in judicial functions, oversaw festival banquets, or ran the mint. The First Triumvirate (60 BC) of Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus was an informal group of three strong leaders with no sanctioned powers. The Second Triumvirate (43 BC), consisting of Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian (later Augustus) — formally tresviri rei publicae constituendae ("triumvirate for organizing the state") — held absolute dictatorial power. |
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| The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus |
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| The Christian religion, founded on the life and teachings of Jesus. |
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| is the official name for the largest Christian church in Egypt |
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| Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous. |
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| was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire |
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Beginnings of agriculture
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| Beginnings of Bronze Age - early civilizations |
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| communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location |
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| The Last division of the stone age, immediatly preceding the mettalurgy and corresponding to the ninth-fifth millenia B.C.C it was characterized by the increasing domestication of animals and cultivation of crops, established agricultural communities, and the appearence of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Although tools and weapons were still made of stone technological improvements made a big difference... |
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| society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either |
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| Slash and Burn agriculture |
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| consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. |
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| a region in the Near East, incorporating the Levant and Mesopotamia, and often incorrectly extended to Egypt. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization and saw the development of the earliest human civilizations and is the birthplace of writing and the wheel. The region of the Fertile Crescent broadly corresponds to present-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, south-eastern Turkey and west and south-western Iran |
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| is the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control |
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| The Egyptian Book of the Dead |
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| is the common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary text known as "Spells of Coming" (or "Going") "Forth By Day." The Book of the Dead was a description of the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife. The Book of the Dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll and placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased. |
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| is the earliest known writing system in the world.[1] Cuneiform writing emerged in the Sumerian civilization of southern Iraq around the 34th century BC[2] during the middle Uruk period, beginning as a pictographic system of writing. Cuneiform was the most widespread and historically significant writing system in the Ancient Near East |
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| were massive pyramidal temples built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels |
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| is a building where the outer surfaces are triangular and converge at a point. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least four faces (base plus at least three triangular faces). The five-face square pyramid is a common version. |
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| is an independent republican country whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of another local government. |
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| is the belief in and worship of multiple deities, called gods and goddesses |
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| is the belief that only one god exists |
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| the presence of Jews outside of the Land of Israel, is a result of the expulsion or emigration of Jews from Israel |
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| is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant |
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| was a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that contained a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements |
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| began at the Himalayan border and ran through Taxila (near modern Rawalpindi, Pakistan). It may be referred to as the Mauryan Royal Road or simply the Great Royal Road, when in context |
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| is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), after whom the religion is named |
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Definition
| is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept. Tian would bless the authority of a just ruler, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. |
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Term
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Definition
| are pieces of bone or turtle plastron (underside) bearing the answers to divination chiefly during the late Shang Dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
| is the structuring of family units based on the man, as father figure, having primary authority over the rest of the family members. Patriarchy also refers to the role of men in society more generally where men take primary responsibility over the welfare of the community as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. It also incorporated certain aspects of regulated trade in goods and services between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon duress, and based upon the potential for threats if specific performance did not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, |
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Term
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Definition
| is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military, or religious hegemony |
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Term
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Definition
| took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece |
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Term
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Definition
| is a system of government in which either the actual governing is carried out by the people governed (direct democracy), or the power to do so is granted by them (as in representative democracy) |
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Term
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Definition
| was an association of approximately 150[3] 5th-century BC Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea |
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Term
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Definition
| is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis is often translated as "city-state." |
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Term
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Definition
| was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states |
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Term
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Definition
| a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited earth |
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Term
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Definition
| was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer |
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Term
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Definition
| 431 to 404 B.C., was an Ancient Greek war, fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta |
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Definition
| a language as well as a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during various successive dynasties |
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Term
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Definition
| is a canal in Venice, Italy. It forms one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city |
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Term
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Definition
| is a political and legal theory which can be defined as a belief that politics should be constrained by legal constitutional boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion |
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Definition
| is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts |
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Definition
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials. |
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Term
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Definition
| are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A man who is the head of a household or the father of a family. |
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Definition
| A religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma. |
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Definition
| An ancient Indic language that is the language of Hinduism and the Vedas and is the classical literary language of India. |
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| A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils. |
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| A sacred Hindu text that is incorporated into the Mahabharata and takes the form of a philosophical dialogue in which Krishna instructs the prince Arjuna in ethical matters and the nature of God |
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| One of the two major Sanskrit epics of India, valued for its literary merit and its religious inspiration |
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| A Sanskrit epic, traditionally attributed to Valmiki, that concerns the banishment of Rama from his kingdom, the abduction of his wife Sita by a demon and her rescue, and Rama's eventual restoration to the throne. |
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| is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya[1] and Viṣhṇugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BC),[3] who was a professor at Taxila |
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| Oldest religious scripture in the world and most revered of the Vedas, completed by the 12th century BC |
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| The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth. |
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| Statement of the basic doctrines of Buddhism. They were formulated by the Buddha Gautama in his first sermon. The truths are (1) existence is suffering; (2) desire, or thirst, is its cause; (3) the cessation of suffering is possible; and (4) the way to accomplish this is to follow the Eightfold Path |
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Definition
| Buddhist doctrine, stated by the Buddha in his first sermon near Benares, India |
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Definition
| is a term often used synonymously with Hīnayāna (see Hīnayāna Buddhism) for the early form of Buddhism that accepts only the teachings of Sākyamuni Buddha |
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Term
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Definition
| reformed Buddhism that replaces the Nirvāna (see Nirvāna), monastic, and Gautama Buddha |
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Definition
| An ascetic religion of India, founded in the sixth century B.C., that teaches the immortality and transmigration of the soul and denies the existence of a perfect or supreme being. |
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Definition
| Any of the sacred beings worshiped in Shintoism, conceived as spirits abiding in natural phenomena and sometimes in people with extraordinary qualities. |
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| describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups |
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| An ancient Hindu sage, a rishi, who married thirteen of Daksha's daughters |
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| the four ancient Indian collections of hymns and ritual formulae of the Samhitā period |
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| A teacher and guide in spiritual and philosophical matters. |
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| Though regarded as one of the Hindu triad, whose other members are Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer, Brahma has lost his creative powers to these deities as well as to the Divine Mother |
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| A dome-shaped monument, used to house Buddhist relics or to commemorate significant facts of Buddhism or Jainism. Also called tope |
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Definition
| he predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others |
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“Must Know” Dates 8,000 BCE to 600 CE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- life of Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tsu
(beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism,
Taosim) |
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Definition
| Greek Golden Age - philosophers. |
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| Beginnings of Christianity |
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rise of constanopal
Roman capital moved to Constantinople |
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Definition
- Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes |
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| Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire |
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| Must Know Terms 8000 B.C.E - 600 C.E |
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| covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty |
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| Mississippi Valley earth mounds |
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Earliest codification of ancient Roman law, traditionally dated to 451 – 450 BC. |
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Term
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Definition
| An official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign country and represent his or her government's commercial interests and assist its citizens there |
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Term
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Definition
| State of comparative tranquility throughout the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to that of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 – 180) |
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Term
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Definition
| at Rome, members of certain families, a privileged class, distinguished fom the plebeians, the rest of the citizen body |
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Term
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Definition
| The common people of ancient Rome: the plebs and the patricians. |
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Definition
| In ancient Rome, usually a board of three officials who assisted higher magistrates in judicial functions, oversaw festival banquets, or ran the mint. The First Triumvirate (60 BC) of Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus was an informal group of three strong leaders with no sanctioned powers. The Second Triumvirate (43 BC), consisting of Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian (later Augustus) — formally tresviri rei publicae constituendae ("triumvirate for organizing the state") — held absolute dictatorial power. |
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Definition
| The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus |
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Definition
| The Christian religion, founded on the life and teachings of Jesus. |
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Definition
| is the official name for the largest Christian church in Egypt |
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Definition
| Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous. |
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Term
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Definition
| was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire |
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Definition
| The belief in the existence of individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena |
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