Term
| What is the basic component of the central and peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three key parts of neurons? |
|
Definition
| Dendrites, cell body, axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive information from preceding neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They transmit information to the next neuron |
|
|
Term
| The signals being passed from axon to dendrite are in what form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The signals being passed from neuron to other neurons or other cell types, across a synapse are in what form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chemical signals in between neurons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the technical definition of drug addiction? |
|
Definition
| The development of both tolerance and withdrawal, along with an inability to discontinue the drug |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is associated with addiction and "reward"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do federal laws control drugs with a potential for abuse and addiction? |
|
Definition
| Controls the manufacturing, distribution, and use of these drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destructive pattern of substance use with a pattern of 1+/year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical signal to transmit information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Destructive pattern of substance abuse with a pattern of 3+/year
- this is what is associated with tolerance and withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- brain and spinal cord
- integrates information
- coordinates body activity |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
- nerves outside CNS
- innervates limbs and tissues
- relays sensory info to and from CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
***not always addicts
relying on a drug to get through everyday tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a state of equilibrium
- can be temporarily disrupted by drug use
- can also be changed with repeated use
- withdrawal will also "tip the balance" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contains neurotransmitters
- nts are released with the neuron is acivated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- receives neurotransmitters
- contain the receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a physical gap between the pre- and post-synaptic terminals
- neurotransmitters released into the cleft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished effect of substance with continued use, meaning there is a need to increase the dose to achieve the desired effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the onset of substance specific symptoms upon ending the substance use |
|
|
Term
| What are the CNS depressants? |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines and barbituates |
|
|
Term
| What do the CNS depressants do? |
|
Definition
| they decrease the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential by increasing the GABA receptor activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter does alcohol mimic in the depression of CNS function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are depressants used to medically treat? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, insomnia, convulsions, and muscle spasms |
|
|
Term
| Why have benzodiazepines replaced barbituates in treating anxiety and insomnia? |
|
Definition
| They are safer and they have a lower abuse potential |
|
|
Term
| Depressant overdoses often inhibit which bodily functions, often leading to death? |
|
Definition
| respiratory and heart function |
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used and abused drug in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - CNS depression by increasing GABA signaling and by decreasing the activity of the NMDA receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is GABA signaling similar to? |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines and barbituates |
|
|
Term
| What does the NMDA receptor do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chronic ethanol use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does alcoholism have chronic effects on? |
|
Definition
| the CNS, the liver, the cardiovascular system, and the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in neuronal effects of alcohol between adults and fetuses? |
|
Definition
| In adults its only neuronal function depression and in fetuses it is widespread neuronal death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that helps the liver metabolize alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that calm and relax people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-epilectic or anti-seizure drugs |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular/respiratory depression |
|
Definition
| a negative effect of benzodiazepines and barbituates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical brain activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes abnormal facial features, growth deficiency, and central nervous system dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol is an example, a drug that leads to use of more prominent drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sleep inducing drug (alcohol can be hypnotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment for spasms and/or tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a signal that makes neurons more likely to fire (glutamate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a signal that makes neurons less likely to fine (GABA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"feels good"
- produces sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- diazepam (Valium)
- alprazolam (Xanax)
- flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- zolpidem (Ambien)
- zaleplon (Sonata)
- eszopiclone (Lunesta) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acamprosate (Campral)
- disulfiram (Antabuse)
- flumazenil (Romazicon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- antagonizes benzodiazepines, such as overdoses
- competes with the bnzdpns receptor binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- roofies
- sleeping pill
- illegal in USA |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are bnzdpn-like effects are _________. |
|
Definition
-sedative/hypnotic
-sleep induction |
|
|
Term
| Disulfiram (Antabuse)/Acamprosate (Campral) |
|
Definition
| prevents alcoholism relapse through aversion therapy by inhibiting ALDH (severe nausea from alcohol consumption) |
|
|
Term
| Within the CNS and the PNS, what do stimulants do to certain neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| they increase or mimic their actions |
|
|
Term
| Stimulant general information |
|
Definition
- a common set of behavioral and biological effects, as well as adverse effects
- also has a unique behavioral and biological effects because of the slight differences in the neurotransmitters they act on |
|
|
Term
| How do we group stimulants? |
|
Definition
| by the neurotransmitter systems they target and their major mechanisms of action |
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic groups of stimulants? |
|
Definition
- amphetamine-like drugs
- cocaine-like drugs
- caffeine-like drugs |
|
|
Term
| How do amphetamine-like drugs increase neurotransmitter action? |
|
Definition
| inhibit the re-uptake and/or metabolism of specific neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| What are amphetamine-like drugs most commonly used for? |
|
Definition
| therapeutically to treat ADHD and narcolepsy |
|
|
Term
| What can abuse of amphetamine-like drugs lead to? |
|
Definition
| adverse behavioral and neurobiological effects |
|
|
Term
| What is an amphetamine derivative that doesn't have a therapeutic use? |
|
Definition
| Ecstasy (MDMA) [also Schedule I] |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Ecstasy? |
|
Definition
| it can lead to the death of both serotonin and dopamine producing neurons (causes long-term affects) |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used therapeutically for anesthetic actions due to their ability to block sodium-ion channels? |
|
Definition
| Cocaine and its derivatives |
|
|
Term
| What is the danger of cocaine? |
|
Definition
| the potentially deadly effect on the heart |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter does caffeine (and caffeine-like) drugs affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two ways that caffeine is used therapeutically? |
|
Definition
- to treat migraine and non-migraine headaches
- as an OTC drug to increase alertness and delay sleep |
|
|
Term
| What can stimulant use lead to? |
|
Definition
| powerful addiction, including tolerance and withdrawl |
|
|
Term
| Withdrawal from drugs reveals _________? |
|
Definition
| intense drug cravings, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Are there any pharmacological treatments for stimulant addiction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the neural membrane, receive adenosine (the neurotransmitter that helps in cellular energy transfer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases sensitivity to pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms caused by irregular electric activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a temporary halt of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms of diarrhea, elevated blood pressure, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, and insomnia caused by over consumption of caffeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "reward" neurotransmitter associated with feeling good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- group of naturally occurring agents present in caffeine
- act on the CNS, stimulate the myocardium, relax smooth muscle, and promote urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to fall asleep quickly when in relaxing settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter that affects the brain and body, as a drug it can increase blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter, constricts blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- addictive mood altering drug
- usually used illegally as a stimulant
- used legally in children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamine Salts (Adderall) |
|
Definition
| - treats ADHD and narcolepsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- constricts blood vessels
- widens bronchial passages
- relieves asthma and hay fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- local anesthetic
- used in dental surgery
- treats abnormal heart rhythms |
|
|
Term
| Methamphetamine (Desoxyn) |
|
Definition
- more rapid and longer lasting effects than amphetamines
- used to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure
- also used illegally |
|
|
Term
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
|
Definition
- stimulate CNS/PNS
- used to improve mental activity in ADD |
|
|
Term
| Phentermine/fenfluramine (Fen-Phen) |
|
Definition
| appetite suppressant drugs (not used since withdrawal from market) |
|
|
Term
| Phentermine/topiramate (Qnexa) |
|
Definition
| - combination medicine used for moderate weight loss |
|
|
Term
| Phentermine/fenfluramine (Fen-Phen) |
|
Definition
| appetite suppressant drugs (not used since withdrawal from market) |
|
|
Term
| Phentermine/topiramate (Qnexa) |
|
Definition
| - combination medicine used for moderate weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What effects do mental illnesses have on the body? |
|
Definition
| genetic, biological, and environmental component effects |
|
|
Term
| How are mental illnesses usually diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| By the patient's symptoms rather than by lab tests |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological treatments for brain disorders target __________? |
|
Definition
| the availability or signaling actions of one or more neurotransmitters in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is major depressive disorder (MDD) characterized by? |
|
Definition
| prolonged period of depression |
|
|
Term
| How is major depressive disorder (MDD) treated? |
|
Definition
| antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
| What are anxiety disorders thought to be caused by? |
|
Definition
| abnormal levels of dopamine and GABA in the brain |
|
|
Term
| How are anxiety disorders treated? |
|
Definition
| with anti-depressant medications, anti-anxiety drugs, and/or psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chronic brain disease characterized by both positive and negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is schizophrenia though to be cause by? |
|
Definition
| excessive activity of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the brain |
|
|
Term
| How is schizophrenia usually treated? |
|
Definition
- with anti psychotic drugs that block excess dopamine activity
- typically alleviate the positive symptoms fairly well but won't really affect the negative ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- functions as a neurotransmitter
- causes skeletal muscles to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lack of affect more severe than restricted or constricted affect, but less severe than flat or flattened affect.
(a person with flat affect has no or nearly no emotional expression) |
|
|
Term
| Atypical/typical antipsychotic |
|
Definition
- two groups of antipsychotic drugs
- used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism (sometimes major depressive disorder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - alternating periods of elation and depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite contradiction by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- feeling sad, worthless, hopeless, etc.
- for an extended period of time |
|
|
Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy |
|
Definition
- a procedure in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure
- seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts, feelings, or behaviors normally present that are absent or diminished in a person with a mental disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sudden feeling of acute and disabling anxiety
- may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something bad is going to happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings or behaviors that are usually not present, such as delusions or hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior
- withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) |
|
Definition
| a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mood disorders |
|
|
Term
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
|
Definition
| commonly prescribed drugs for treating depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidepressants that get their name from their three rings of atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw |
|
|
Term
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
|
Definition
- a synthetic drug used as a tranquilizer, sedative, and antiemetic
- primarily used for schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedative drug used to treat schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic compound that inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain and is taken to treat depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic antidepressant drug used chiefly in the treatment of psychotic conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic compound used to treat depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used to treat the manic episodes of manic depression
- affects the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an antidepressant in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause depression, panic, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms |
|
|
Term
| How do mind-altering drugs affect the brain? |
|
Definition
| they affect the brain signaling networks (like seratonin and dopamine systems) that structurally resemble neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Examples of mind-altering drugs |
|
Definition
| hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, and marijuana |
|
|
Term
| Will smoking or ingesting hallucinogens and marijuana cause a faster onset of effects? |
|
Definition
| Smoking will (bypasses the liver) |
|
|
Term
| How do drugs enters the body when smoked? |
|
Definition
| into the lungs for immediate absorption and distribution via the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| How do drugs enter the body when orally ingested? |
|
Definition
| has a slower absorption into the circulatory system (slower delivery mechanism) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most potent psychoactive compound found in marijuana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cannabinoid receptors |
|
|
Term
| Why is THC detectable in drugs tests long after its use? |
|
Definition
- it's lipid soluble and stored in fatty tissues
- this allows it to reenter the circulation as the plasma level declines |
|
|
Term
| What makes THC so addictive? |
|
Definition
| - it activates the dopamine reward pathway in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What do low doses of THC do? |
|
Definition
| causes mood changes and sensory perception changes |
|
|
Term
| What do high doses of THC do? |
|
Definition
| substantial changes in personality, perception, motor skills, and cognitive function |
|
|
Term
| What are the medical uses of THC? |
|
Definition
- treatment of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients
- appetite stimulation in AIDS patients
- analgesia
- glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of a drug or other substance that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marijuana that produces a clear-headed high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebral activities that lead to knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that causes hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relating to drugs that produce hallucinations and apparent expansion of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally fast heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
|
Definition
| a drug that produces hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic cannabinoid with therapeutic use as an antiemetic and as an adjunct analgesic for neuropathic pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hallucinogenic alkaloid, found in some toadstools |
|
|
Term
| THC (delta9-tetrehydrocannabinol, Marinol) |
|
Definition
| a type of marijuana and hallucinogen |
|
|
Term
| For what purpose are inhalants abused? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the inhalants for reaching a "high" usually found? |
|
Definition
| in house hold items, so usually inhalant abusers are minors |
|
|
Term
| What does the acute intoxication after inhalant administration resemble? |
|
Definition
| alcohol intoxication (there are important distinctions) |
|
|
Term
| What system in the body is particularly susceptible to damage due to inhalants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outside of the CNS, what organ do inhalants damage the most? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smoking tobacco mainly cause millions of deaths each year worldwide? |
|
Definition
| through diseases affecting the lungs and the cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| What is the key component of tobacco and what are its effects? |
|
Definition
| nicotine and it has acute stimulatory effects |
|
|
Term
| Why is quitting the use of tobacco extremely hard? |
|
Definition
| users develop tolerance and dependence |
|
|
Term
| Many of the adverse effects associated with smoking are attributable to compounds in tobacco smoke that are not ____________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- can cause cancer in humans
- high levels of cadmium are in cigarette smoke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug (whether legal or illegal) in which it enters your bloodstream through the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
|
Definition
- respond to neurotransmitter acetylcholine
- respond to nicotine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body |
|
|
Term
| Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin) |
|
Definition
| used to help people stop smoking by reducing cravings and other withdrawal effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces exhilaration or anesthesia when inhaled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| added to gums and hard lozenges to aid quitting smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treats high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - basically paint thinner, highly flammable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prescription medication used to treat nicotine addiction |
|
|
Term
| How are opioids produced? |
|
Definition
| naturally (by certain plants like poppy) and synthetically (in a lab like oxycodone) |
|
|
Term
| What do all opioids affect? |
|
Definition
| the nervous system function by binding to opioid receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are opioid receptors predominantly found? |
|
Definition
| on the pain sensing neurons |
|
|
Term
| What happens when opioid receptors are activated? |
|
Definition
- neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release decrease
- this results in decreased neurotransmission and analgesia |
|
|
Term
| What are the most effective analgesic drugs available? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are opioids prescription or OTC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does repeated opioid use result in? |
|
Definition
| dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal when usage is stopped |
|
|
Term
| What are NSAID's used for? |
|
Definition
| they are analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Are NSAID's prescription or OTC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic classes of NSAID's? |
|
Definition
- general COX inhibitors
- selective COX-2 inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Example(s) of general COX inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example(s) of selective COX-2 inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do anti-inflammatory steroids NOT used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Tylenol (acetaminophen) used for? |
|
Definition
| analgesic and antipyretic (and a little bit of anti-inflammatory activity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to feel pain (and the drugs that allow this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that reduce swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that is targeted by anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sensory receptor for painful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) |
|
Definition
| analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that affect the nervous system to relieve pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain is transmitted to other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- clumping together of platelets in the blood
- part of the cause of blood clots |
|
|
Term
| Propionic acid derivative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence the contraction of the muscles lining many internal organs and can lower or raise blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Salicylic acid derivative |
|
Definition
| an antiseptic and disinfectant especially in treating skin diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- a sleep-inducing and analgesic drug derived from morphine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- a fast-acting narcotic analgesic and sedative that is sometimes abused for its heroinlike effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, often used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic analgesic drug that is similar to morphine in its effects but longer acting, used as a substitute drug in the treatment of morphine and heroin addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- an analgesic and narcotic drug used to relieve pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic drug, similar to morphine, that blocks opiate receptors in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic analgesic drug that is similar to morphine in its effects and subject to abuse and addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- topical
- used to relieve muscle pain, joint pain, and nerve pain associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Methyl salicylate (Ben-Gay) |
|
Definition
- topic
- an analgesic heat rub used to temporarily relieve muscle and joint pain associated with arthritis, bruises, simple backaches, sprains and strains |
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Term
| Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) |
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Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used medicinally to relieve mild or chronic pain and to reduce fever and inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
- NSAID
- works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body |
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Term
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Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used widely as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug |
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Term
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Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used as an anti-inflammatory drug |
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Term
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Definition
- corticosteroids
- used to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism |
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Term
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Definition
- corticosteroids
- used to relieve rheumatic and allergic conditions and to treat leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
| an analgesic drug used to treat headaches, arthritis, etc., and also to reduce fever, often as an alternative to aspirin |
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Term
| What is the principle androgen hormone in the body and where is it synthesized in each gender? |
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Definition
| testosterone and in the testes/ovaries(small amount) |
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Term
| Where is synthesis of testosterone regulated? |
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Definition
| in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis |
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Term
| What does testosterone regulate? |
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Definition
- development of primary and secondary male sex characteristics
- bone growth
- production of lean muscle mass |
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Term
| What are the two categorizations of testosterone's effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are anabolic steroids? |
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Definition
| synthetic derivatives of testosterone |
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Term
| How are anabolic steroids modified? |
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Definition
- to increase anabolic effects
- to decrease androgenic effects |
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Term
| Why have anabolic steroids been replaced in relation to therapeutic use? |
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Definition
| - there are more effective compounds with fewer adverse side effects |
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Term
| What can long-term anabolic steroid use cause? |
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Definition
| cardiovascular, hepatic, reproductive, cosmetic, and psychological side effects |
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Term
| What are other potential growth/performance enhancers? |
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Definition
- steroid precursors (androstenedione and DHEA)
- human growth hormone (hGH)
- creatine
- erythropoietin |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, |
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Term
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Definition
- "building up"
- the accumulation of lean muscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
| a male sex hormone (such as testosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
- "man making"
- development of hallmarks of male maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| a male sex hormone that is the active form of testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| signals the pituitary gland to release the gonadotropin hormones FSH and LH |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary |
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Term
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Definition
- hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
- refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity |
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Term
| Performance-enhancing drugs |
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Definition
| improve endurance and increase mean muscle mass |
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Term
| Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) |
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Definition
- oral
- synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid |
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Term
| Nandrolone (Deca-Durabolin) |
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Definition
- injectable
- an anabolic steroid with tissue-building properties |
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Term
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Definition
- oral
- approved by FDA
- used in the treatment of hereditary angioedema, which causes episodes of swelling of the face, extremities, genitals, bowel wall, and throa |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturally occurring steroid hormone, also available as a dietary supplement, believed to increase levels of serum testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound formed in protein metabolism and present in much living tissue |
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Term
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
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Definition
| leads to the production of androgens and estrogens |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues |
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Term
| Human growth hormone (hGH) |
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Definition
| has been used especially by athletes to increase muscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body |
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