Term
|
Definition
| any absorbed substance taht changes or enhances any psychical or psycholical functions in the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of drugs that produce a withdrawal syndrome? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Depressants
2) Stimulants
3) Opiates |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between phamacodymanics and pharmacokinetics? |
|
Definition
- pharmacodymanics stud drug actions and effects
- pharmacokinetics : study the rates of change of a drug (ex. rates of absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rythmic motion of GI system in digestion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when multiple elements come together to give a super addictive effect |
|
|
Term
| what is taxol? and where did it originate? |
|
Definition
| taxol is a new anti cancer drug, that has not bee synthesised yet because it is very complex, and comes from teh Yew Tree |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to internal organs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drug that induces vomiting |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack on a disease using a specififc chemical designed for the purpose |
|
|
Term
what are forms of chemotherapy not involving chemicals? |
|
Definition
a) holistic (spiritual)
b) herbal (bee venom)
c)homeopathy (ting doses) of active consituent |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| techniques used to restor health rather than treat disease |
|
|
Term
| what is body based medicine? |
|
Definition
| - useful in chiropractic, acupuncture, and massage |
|
|
Term
| what is Digitalis? and where does it originate from? |
|
Definition
| a cardiactive steroid from foxglove plant |
|
|
Term
| What is insulin? Where does insulin come form? |
|
Definition
| its promotes and regulates gulcose and comes from the pancreas of dogs |
|
|
Term
| can you make drugs from gene splicing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do compounds with similar structure also show similar biological activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ibuprofen contain? |
|
Definition
| isobutyl, propionic acid and phenyl ring |
|
|
Term
| what is the brand name of acetaminophen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
therapeutic index = TD50/ED50
- high values are safer
- tells you how fatal a substance is |
|
|
Term
| Does alcohol have a lower TI than cocaine and morphine? |
|
Definition
| no, alcohol has a TI of 10 , Cocaine, 15 and Morphine 70 |
|
|
Term
| what drug can actively transport ? |
|
Definition
| L- Dopa, but common for sugars and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the different kinds of routes of administration? |
|
Definition
1) Oral = most common
2) Inhalation = corrosive over time
3)Injection = need for sterlization
4) Body orifices
5) Skin application/patch
6) Implantable = slow release |
|
|
Term
| which two countries are fake drugs an issue? |
|
Definition
| latin america (mexico) and china |
|
|
Term
| which brand has just came out with a cheaper version of viagra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between aspirin and advanced aspirin? |
|
Definition
| advance aspirin works 6x fast and uses nanos |
|
|
Term
| how do drugs come into the body? |
|
Definition
| through the capillary beds |
|
|
Term
| Is cholesterol water soluable? |
|
Definition
| No, it is unsoluable and can only dissolve with hydrocarbon |
|
|
Term
| Which cholesterol is the worst for you: HDL, LDL, or VLDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is teh chemical structure of steroids/cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the highest selling prescription drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sex is gallstones more prevelant in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 function groups of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)? |
|
Definition
| R= carbon , H = halixe, OH = hydrogen and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| what is the most organic compound on the planet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are organic chemicals? |
|
Definition
| chemicals that contain carbon |
|
|
Term
| What are the critierias for addiction? |
|
Definition
1) withdrawl
2)psychological changes
3) tolerance build up |
|
|
Term
| how is botox used as an analgesic? |
|
Definition
| it is being used to treat chronic migraines, however it is the most toxi substance known to humans |
|
|
Term
| what happens as we get older? |
|
Definition
| we lose water, increase fat levels and lose muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| What is BMI and how is it calculated? |
|
Definition
Body Mass index : weight in kg/height in m2
ex. 100 kg mass at 2m height
BMI = 100/4 = 25
healthy range is 20 -26 |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood brain barrier? and what drugs can pass more easily? |
|
Definition
blood brain barrier is a meberane that seperate blood from the cereprobal spinal fluid
- sat soluable drugs peneterate more easily than water soluble |
|
|
Term
| which drugs can penetrate the blood brain barrier easily? |
|
Definition
- tranquilizers
- barbiturates
- LSD
- narcotics (opioids)
- marijuana |
|
|
Term
| Which molecules stay longer in the body; polar or non polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 main analgesics (pain killers)? |
|
Definition
1) aspirin
2) acetaminophen (tyelnol)
3) Ibuprofen (mortin/advil)
4) Naproxen (aleve)
5)Celebrex & vioxx |
|
|
Term
| What does the term xenobiotic mean? |
|
Definition
- a forgien substance to the body
- most drugs, or toxins (pesticides)
- human body must beable to break it down
|
|
|
Term
| What enxyme is primarily found in the liver? |
|
Definition
Cytochrome P -450 (CYP)
- xenobiotic break down manily due to CYP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- adding water may cleave an ester function
ex. alcohol and carboxylic = Aspirin |
|
|
Term
| what is ment by drug half life? |
|
Definition
| - time needed for inital level of drug in blood to fall 1/2 of this value ( t1/2) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of drug tolerance? |
|
Definition
1) Metabolic: liver makes more enzymes
2) cellular adaptive : tissues do not respond
3) behavioral : user learns to handle drug |
|
|
Term
| what are the two major types of drug - drug interactions? |
|
Definition
1) Synergism : 2 drugs act on eachother to enhance effects
2) Barbiturates and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| what is an anit- coagulant? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the formation of blood clots |
|
|
Term
| how much does 1 grain = in mg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 body fluids that drugs target? |
|
Definition
1) Intracellular
2)Extracellular
3) cerebrospinal
4)Placental blood supply
5)Intraocular (inside eye)
6) synovial (inside body joints)
7) Urine |
|
|
Term
| What 5 tissues do drugs target? |
|
Definition
1) Muscle
2) organs
3) Fat
4) Albumins
5) Bone |
|
|
Term
| drugs are often unequally distrbuted. What are the two barriers of distrubition? |
|
Definition
1) Blood brain barrier
2) placenta barrier |
|
|
Term
| how may the liver handle a drug? |
|
Definition
1) changed chemically
2) chemically linked to a normal body substance
3) altered to be more soluble in urine |
|
|
Term
| what does induction of microsomal enzymes mean? |
|
Definition
| - if a person takes heavy doses of barbiturates over many days the liver nezymes may be insufficient to handle detoxification |
|
|
Term
| what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
parasympathetic : relax
sympathetic : fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| what are sympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
| ddrugs that imitat the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (ex. amphetamines) |
|
|
Term
| what are two ways that neurotransmitters can terminate transmission? |
|
Definition
- catabolism (enzymes break it down)
- reuptake |
|
|
Term
| what are terms thatend ASE and what end in OSE called ? |
|
Definition
ase (enzymes)
ose (sugar) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of receptors? |
|
Definition
Alpha : relaxation
Beta : increase in heart activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta blockers are used to treat ADHD , cheat pain, and high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is ritalin for? and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| ritalin is for children with ADD, and it causes a release of dompaine ad norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What if the difference between the structure of dompaine and the structure of neropinephrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| COOH is added to dopamine to make L-dopa so it can cross the blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholine * (found in CNS and PNS)
2)Norepinephrine
3) Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What are two other important neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1)Gaba: major inhibiorty transmitter in brain
2) Serotonin: blood, brain and GI tract
- both related to depression |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 popular anti depressants? |
|
Definition
1)Prozac - no longer patent
2)Paxil - PTSD
3)Wellburtin - also cuts smoking cessation
4) Zolfot - can be used for pms
|
|
|
Term
| What drugs contain fluorine? |
|
Definition
| Lipitor, Crestor, Seretide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an amino acid found in milk and turkey that gets converted into serotonin
- it is a sleep inducer and or body can not produce it on its own |
|
|
Term
| Does the UN or RCMP encourage SIS's? ( safe injection sites) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is covalent bonding? |
|
Definition
| a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron paris between atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix of alcohol, codiene and morphine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| element that will radioactively label morphine during a scan |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 kinda of opiod receptors? |
|
Definition
- Mu
- Delta
- Kappa
- Orphan receptor (ORL) |
|
|
Term
| how are codeine and morphine simialr in their chemical structures? |
|
Definition
| codeine has O CH3 instead of OH |
|
|
Term
| What does chewing on coca help with? |
|
Definition
| altitude sickness (machu picchu) |
|
|
Term
| which is the most unsatisfying drug ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the personality traits of a heavy user of cocaine? |
|
Definition
- ambitious
- competitive
-financially well off
-intolerant of weakness |
|
|
Term
| what is teh average purity of street cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which compounds are used to 'cut; street cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures are related to cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which country consumes the most about of coffee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which country consumes the most amount of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Moldava( Czechoslovakia ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
factor that causes malformation of the embryo
(alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| at what BAC do you reach black out? |
|
Definition
0.20%,
and 0.30% = lethal |
|
|
Term
| what BAC are you considered legally drunk in ontario? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hwo long does caffeine last? |
|
Definition
| 3 - 7.5 hrs (usually 3 tho) |
|
|
Term
| can coffee affect the chances of a miscarriage? |
|
Definition
| 2 cups a day = double the chance |
|
|
Term
| how much is too much coffee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does caffeine effect children differently? |
|
Definition
Yes,
1 cola drink for a child = 4 cups of coffee for an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an acid found in energy drinks that reduc blood pressure and used in body building
structure: 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, major constituent of bile; 1st isolated from ox bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 80 mg, about a half a cup of coffee |
|
|
Term
| Does caffeine offset alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is 'non' alcoholic beer actually 'non' alcoholic? |
|
Definition
| No, it can contain as much as 0.5%, and thsi can cause a relapse for addicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain chemical added for flavor, odor and colour to alcohol (gastiritis association) |
|
|
Term
| what alcohols are more likely to give you a hangover? |
|
Definition
| red wine, brandy, and whiskey |
|
|
Term
| which ethnicty drinks more? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the proof of pure eythl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is denatured alcohol? |
|
Definition
| chemicals are added to ethyl to ensure that humans can not drik it (ex. acetone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methyl: ethyl's poisonous cousin |
|
|
Term
| does alcohol effect the way we sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are delirium trements (DT)? |
|
Definition
| seirzers and cardovasular collapse that occurs with withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| how is caffiene used medically? |
|
Definition
| to treet migraines because it acts as a vasodillator (dilates blood) |
|
|
Term
| what are the different carbon "suffix's " ? |
|
Definition
single = ane (butane)
Double = ene (polystyrene)
Triple = yne (ethyne) |
|
|
Term
| What are teh different prefixes? |
|
Definition
Pentane
Isopentane
Neopentane |
|
|
Term
| Which Alkane has the least amount of Isomers and which has the most? |
|
Definition
least = Methane
Most = Decane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they have 6 C's (hexagon) = C6H12 |
|
|
Term
| where do hydrocrabons come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sub categories of hydrocrabons? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Alkanes
2)Alkenes
3)Alkynes
4)Aromatics |
|
|
Term
| what are aromatic compounds? |
|
Definition
| they conatin one or more benzene ring, and like cyclohexane but 3 double bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is the acetaminophen (tylenol) structure? |
|
Definition
| Para postion of N -acetyl group on benzen ring |
|
|
Term
| What is teh structure of aspirin? |
|
Definition
benzen ring, carboxylic acid, and ester
C9H8O4 |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure for Ibuprofen(Mortin/Advil)? |
|
Definition
hydrophobic aromatic , 3 C side chain
(carboxylic acid, Benzene ring , isobutyl sidechain) |
|
|
Term
| what is the chemical structure of Naproxne? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a beta -phenethylamine? |
|
Definition
| link for activity in many neurotransmitters, induces a high that is similar to 'being in love' |
|
|
Term
| how is the structure of epinephrine similar to that of norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is aleve's (Naproxen) structure simialr to crystal meth? |
|
Definition
| Aleve has an OH component, that makes it different |
|
|
Term
| PMMA is the laced version of ectasy, how much more toxic is it? |
|
Definition
| 5x more toxic then ectasy |
|
|
Term
| which drug does bath salts resemble structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much is 1 teaspoon in ml? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient brings home a prescription consisting of 200ml of a liquid . The doctor said take 1 teaspoon full 4x a day. how long will the prescription last? |
|
Definition
1 teaspoon = 5ml
5x4 = 25 ml
200/25 = 10
prescription will last 10 days |
|
|
Term
| how many grams are in a pound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a dose of a drug is 25 mg/kg body weight and a patient weighs 176 pounds, how many grams of drugs should he be given? |
|
Definition
454 = .454
.454 x 176 = 79.9 kg
79.9 x 25 = 1997mg
.001 x 1997 = 1.997 g |
|
|
Term
| what is an alkoid? where is it obtained? and what are examples? |
|
Definition
| alkoid = organic molecules that conatin nitrogen and alkaine , found in plants (caffeine, codiene, nictoine) |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of oral treatment vs. injection? |
|
Definition
oral : painless, no need for sterility, easy administration
injection: rapid, direct acess , rightaway
|
|
|
Term
| why did the FDA state that the combo of aspirin and an antacid is irration? |
|
Definition
| aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid so using another acid to relieve issue wouldnt work |
|
|
Term
| what happens to CNS, cardio system, and eye during cocaine use? |
|
Definition
| - increased heart rate, blood pressure increase, euphoria, and dialted pupils |
|
|
Term
| what si the most mind altering drug used in america? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lead to cold hands and feet when smoking? |
|
Definition
| constriction of peripheral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50/50 mixtures or dextrortatory and leorotary optical issomers
(inactive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a treatment for alcoholics , prevents nausea, and headaches |
|
|
