Term
|
Definition
| bupropion, venlafaxine, prednisone, stimulants, theophylline and antineoplastics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs and BZDs) and melatonin receptor agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BDZ, BZRAs not previously chosen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedating low dose antidepressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combo of BZRAs and antidepressant; anecdotal evidence at this point, makes sense as they have differing MOA without as many SEs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restoril (temazepam), Halcion (triazolam) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has more rebound anxiety, makes old people crazy, and not recommended for first line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds the BZD receptor on GABAergic neurons to increase INHIBITORY firing in the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| better sedative hypnotic effects than long acting BZDs but more anxiety and withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ambien (zolpidem), Sonata (zaleplon), and Lunesta (eszopiclone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the intermediate acting, it is most commonly used for sleep |
|
|
Term
| HA, dizziness, day time sedation, parasomnias, potential for CNS depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce sleep latency, increased total sleep time; no tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia "hangover" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces sleep latency; if taken with food will increase daytime sedation without increased sleep benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FDA approved for chronic insomnia, decreased awakening and sleep onset; increased HA and unpleasant taste |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin receptor agonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOA melatonin receptor agonist |
|
Definition
| agonist at MT1 and MT2 contributing to sleep promotion and maintenance of circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
| most appropriate for patients with a history of substance abuse and has less side effect profile for elderly patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trazedone, mirtazapine, doxepin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little anti-cholinergic effect, studied as an adjunct sleep aid with full dose antidepressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with wt gain but effective in elderly patients with comorbid depression and wt loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monamine oxidase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, selegiline |
|
|
Term
| MAOIs mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| suppress REM sleep, no effect on memory, transient alleviation of depressive symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amitriptyline, desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suppresses REM sleep, no effect on memory, more often used as sleep aids than antidepressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antihistamine for sleep aids |
|
Definition
| unfavorable SE profile, used often but little support for use in insomnia but occasional use could be beneficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| possibly the most used insomnia self-treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not recommended due to: short duration of action, adversely affects sleep stages/ cycles, exacerbates sleep apnea and large potential for abuse and dependence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small benefit on sleep latency but no significance in sleep duration; inconsistent effects on sleep continuity and structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small effect on sleep latency, little to no effect on wakening and total sleep time; studies show there is chronobiotic effect but no hypnotic effect |
|
|
Term
| FDA approved but not recommended |
|
Definition
| chloral hydrate, barbituates, and non-barbituate/ non-BZD (meprobamate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used to procedural sedation or EtOH withdrawal suppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orexin/ hypocretin-cells in the brain that maintain wakefulness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAP, wt loss, surgical treatment, oral appliances and pharmacotherap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous positive airway pressure that keeps airways open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilevel positive airway pressure, that provides less pressure for the expiration and more pressure for inspiration |
|
|
Term
| surgical options for sleep apnea |
|
Definition
| adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, bariatric surger and tracheostomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acetazolamide, theophylline, progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor leads to metabolic acidosis; lowers the CO2 apnea threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases central respiratory drive and cardiac contractility in cases of SOB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases chemoreceptiveness and improves daytime gas exchange in OH |
|
|
Term
| narcolepsy treatment: daytime sleepiness |
|
Definition
| stimulants: modafanil/ammodafamil, amphetamines and maxindol |
|
|
Term
| narcolepsy treatment: cataplexy |
|
Definition
| antidepressants: TCAs, (SS, SN, NSRIs), and MAOIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemically unrelated to amphetamine and methylphenidates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha 1 stimulation, direct and indirect stimulation of dopamine, serotonergic/ GABAergic are all possible |
|
|
Term
| side effect profile for modafanil |
|
Definition
| HA (should resolve ater weeks of treatment), nausea, and nervousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less reductionin appetite and less effect on blood ressure than amphetamine products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low dose dopamine release is greater than NE and 5HT release; high dose monaminergic depletion and reuptake inhibition occurs (not seen with methylphenidate use) |
|
|
Term
| SE profile for stimulants |
|
Definition
| minor irritability, hyperactivity, mood changes, HA, palpitations, sweating, tremors, anorexia, insomnia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter that may acti via stimulation of GABA-B, silencing DAminergic neurons |
|
|
Term
| treats cataplexy in narcolepsy and may enhance daytime alertness and improve night sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SE profile for sodium oxybate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worsens cataplexy seizures |
|
|
Term
| increases oral contraceptive metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dopamine agonist with DOPA decaarboxylase inhibitor; used in RLS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SE of L-DOPA with Carbidopa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases nausea associated with levodopa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ergot derivative and dopamine agonist, pro-lactin inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pramipexole and popinirole |
|
Definition
| binds to D2 and D3 (non-ergot) dopamine |
|
|
Term
| dizziness, hypotension, nausea |
|
Definition
| SE or pramipexole and popinirole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential for benefit in pts who cannot tolerate the insomnia from dopamine agonists and when avoiding opiods is optimal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron supplementation is appropriate for patients who are anemic and have RLS, magnesium has been associated with improving symptoms of RLS |
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