Term
| What is the formal definition of a drug? |
|
Definition
| Any substance that alters the physiology of the body that is NOT a food or a nutrient |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways to name a drug? |
|
Definition
- Chemically (e.g., N-methyl-3-phenyl...)
- Generically (e.g., fluoxetine)
- Trade (e.g., prozac)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of potency? What is the ED50? |
|
Definition
| The dose at which an effect occurs. The ED50 is the dose that produces 50% of the maximum effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The median lethal dose; the dose that causes 50% of individuals to die |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic index? |
|
Definition
| The ratio of the LD50 to the ED 50; the window of dose when which the drug is effective to when it become dangerous. |
|
|
Term
| A second drug can affect an already administered drug by antagonism and potentiation. What are these two things? |
|
Definition
- Antagonism: when the second drug diminishes the effect of the first
- Potentiaion: when adding a 2nd drug raises efficacy or potency
|
|
|
Term
| Know some factors (there's a lot) that can change how a drug affects individuals differently. |
|
Definition
- Sleep
- Genetics
- Weight
- Tolerance
- Diet
- Hydration
- Age
- Gender
- Context
- Expectation
|
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries connect them in the middle and is where things in the blood can diffuse into the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is subcutaneous injection? |
|
Definition
| When a drug is injected just under the skin. |
|
|
Term
| What intramuscular injection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injected into the sac containing organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Released over a long period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iinto the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) at the base of the skull or near the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Into the brain ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does akaline and acidity affect absorption? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that are bases will be absorbed better in basic environments, and acidic in acidic. |
|
|
Term
| Why are lipid soluble molecules better absorbed? |
|
Definition
| They can cross cell membranes much easier. |
|
|
Term
| What is First-Pass Metabolism? |
|
Definition
| When drugs are taken orally, they reach the liver before they even enter general circulation, meaning they are being broken down before even getting into the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the body's way of getting rid of the drug. It can either get taken out by the kidneys, exhaled, or sweated out. |
|
|
Term
| What is spontaneous motor activity (SMA)? |
|
Definition
| How much they are moving around in a given area; just physical actions and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The coutinuous repitition of simple, purposeless acts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated plus maze, where two arms have walls and two arms are open; higher anxiety animals will spend more time in the walled areas |
|
|
Term
| Analgesia- what is it and how is it measured? |
|
Definition
| Pain relief. Paw Lick Latency with the heated bottom. If more drug is administered, they will go longer without licking their paws. |
|
|
Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| When a voluntary response (never was automatic) is affected by consequences (reinforcement and punishment) |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between ratio and interval reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| Ratio depends on the number of responses that the animal has given, and interval depends on the amount of time that animal has waited, regardless of response amount. |
|
|
Term
| What is fixed vs. variable in reinforcement? What is the best reinforcement technique? |
|
Definition
When the ratio or interval amount varies between reinforcements.
Variable ratio elicits the greatest rate of responding. |
|
|
Term
| What is a progressive ratio? |
|
Definition
| Over the time, the amount of behavior required for reinforcement is increased until the breaking point is reached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When given a choice between two drugs, the animal will pick the lever that delivers a more reinforcing drug |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) |
|
Definition
| Animals will spend more time in a location that is assoicated with the reinforcing effects of the drug |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between introspection and perception? |
|
Definition
| Introspection is a self-report measure about the effects of the drug, while preception is simply how well a person can detect a stimulus (e.g., how well they can feel just the physical effects of a drug). |
|
|
Term
| What are the four phases of a clinical trial? 5 if you count phase 0. |
|
Definition
- 0: microdoses are given to humans and animals to see if there's any observable effects
- 1: A very controlled exposure to healthy individuals which is not concerned with therapeutic effects, only to make sure the drug is safe and without negative side effects
- 2: expanded clinical trials that are given to more people in small groups to guage drug's effectiveness
- 3: Cxperimental studies that cover a larger demographic of people
- 4: FDA approval of the drug and release to the public, followed by ongoing studies and follow-up trials
|
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between cross and acute tolerance? |
|
Definition
| Actute tolerance is developed in a single session, while cross tolerance is when one drug diminishes the effect of another |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacokinetic tolerance |
|
Definition
| The increase in the rate or ability of the body to metabolize a drug; "what the body does" |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
|
Definition
| Arises from adjustments made by the body to compensate for an effect and continued presence of the drug; "what the drug does to the body" |
|
|
Term
| What is the opponent process theory? |
|
Definition
| The body compensates for drugs by stimulating a dysphoric state. When the drug wears off, the dysphoric state still exists, and the body takes time to remove this state. |
|
|
Term
| What does the medulla do? |
|
Definition
| Affects functioning of the autonomic nervous system, including breathing |
|
|
Term
| What center is most often involved in death due to overdose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the periaqueductal gray? |
|
Definition
| Receptors from endogenous opioids are located here (pain relief) |
|
|
Term
| What is NFΚB? What is it involved in? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear Factor kappa B. It is involved in immune response, particularly in inflammatory pathways and cancer. Even more specifically it turns on the transcription factor for microglia ("immune cells of the CNS") |
|
|
Term
| How does NFkB work? What is the specific mechanism and pathway? |
|
Definition
| The dimer p50-Rel-A (p50/Rel-A) is bound to IkB (inhibitory kappa B) normally. When NFkB is activated, the IkK (I kappa b kinase) phosphorylates IkB, causing it to let go of the dimer and become "iniquibitated," which signals it to get eaten up by lysosomes. The heterodimer p50-Rel-A then goes and binds to the kB transcription site. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three pathways that can activate CREB? |
|
Definition
- Gq receptors can generate calcium, which can combine with calmodulin to create CaMK, which can phosphorylate CREB
- Gs receptors activate AC, which makes cAMP, which activates PKA, which through more steps activates CREB
- Tyrosine kinases can go through Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK (the normal MAP-K pathway), but then instead activate RSK which can activate CREB
|
|
|
