Term
| Besides asking a person directly, what is one way that a psychologist can try to determine why a person is taking a drug? |
|
Definition
| Look for consistency in the situations in which the behavior occurs (when and where) |
|
|
Term
| What two characteristics of a drug's effect might change when the dose is increased? |
|
Definition
| Usually an increase of the same effects observed at a lower levels occurs and there is a change in the kind of effect. |
|
|
Term
| Explain acute toxicity versus chronic toxicity. |
|
Definition
| acute toxicity results from two much of a drug; chronic toxicity results from long term exposure (blacking out vs. cirrhosis of the liver) |
|
|
Term
| About what percentage of college students use marijuana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the results of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health tell us about the overall rates of marijuana and cocaine use among whites compared to African Americans in the United States? |
|
Definition
| The overall percentage of drug use was greater among white people than blacks. |
|
|
Term
| How does having a college degree influence rates of drinking alcohol? Using tobacco? |
|
Definition
| Adults with a college education are more likely to drink alcohol and less likely to smoke cigarettes. |
|
|
Term
| How does impulsivity relate to rates of drug use in the general population? How does impulsivity relate to substance dependence? |
|
Definition
| people with an impulsive personality have a higher rate of substance abuse and dependence. |
|
|
Term
| The French term 'laissez-faire' is used to describe what type of relationship between a government and its people? |
|
Definition
| Laissez-faire market in the United States during the 1800's meant there were virtually no laws governing the sale or use of drugs. |
|
|
Term
| What are three main concerns that aroused public interest in drugs? |
|
Definition
| 1.) toxicity, 2.) dependence, 3.) crime |
|
|
Term
| Define acute and chronic effects. |
|
Definition
Acute--> comes on suddenly; short term effects
Chronic--> comes on after long-term drug use; long term effects |
|
|
Term
| What two kinds of data are recorded by the DAWN system? |
|
Definition
| 1.) Emergency room visits that involve any type of drug (up to six are recorded) whether or not the drug actually caused the accident and 2.) Drug related deaths |
|
|
Term
| What other drug other than alcohol is mentioned most often in both parts of the DAWN system? |
|
Definition
| Cocaine and alcohol-in combination |
|
|
Term
| What drugs and methods of using them are considered to have a very high dependence potential? |
|
Definition
| Heroin injected intraveneously and smoked crack cocaine have a very high potential for tolerance and dependence. |
|
|
Term
| What is the apparent dependence potential of hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline and LSD? |
|
Definition
| Hallucinogenic drugs have a very low dependence potential. |
|
|
Term
| What are four ways in which drug use may theoretically cause crime? |
|
Definition
| 1.) drug use may somehow permanently change a person's personality, 2.) being under the influence may cause the person to commit a crime, 3.) crimes carried out for obtaining money for drugs, 4.) illicit drug use is a crime in itself. |
|
|
Term
| At approximately what year did drug use reach its peak in the United States? What happened to the rate of drug use after that year? |
|
Definition
| Around 1980 drug use reached its peak and then decreased until the 1990's, when it began to slowly increase. Current rates are lower than at its peak. |
|
|
Term
| What does the size and type of effect observed by the user depend on? |
|
Definition
| It depends on the dose of the drug and the user's history and expectations. |
|
|
Term
| What four kinds of habit forming drug use at the start of t he 20th century caused social reactions leading to the passage of federal laws? |
|
Definition
| alcohol, opium, morphine, and cocaine |
|
|
Term
| What were the two fundamental pieces of federal drug legislation passed in 1906 and 1914? |
|
Definition
| The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Harrison Act of 1914 |
|
|
Term
| In about what year did it first become necessary for drug companies to demonstrate to the FDA that new drugs were effective for their intended use? |
|
Definition
| In 1962 th Kefauver-Harris Act made it neccesary for drug companies to demonstrate drug effectiveness to the FDA. |
|
|
Term
| What three phases of clinical drug testing are required before a new drug application can be approve? |
|
Definition
Phase 1: relatively low doses on a limited number of volunteers (20 to 80 people; primary interest is drug absorption and secretion as well as side effects.
Phase 2: involves patients with conditions the drug is designed to treat; involves a few hundred patients.
Phase 3: administers the drug to larger number of patients with symptoms or disease the drug is designed to treat; FDA balances benefits with possible dangers before approving. |
|
|
Term
| What are drug paraphernalia laws, and why have they been subject to court challenges? |
|
Definition
| Drug parapharnalia laws limit the sales of parapharnalia, but are subject to challenges because it is impossible to make certain basic items, such as alligator clips, illegal. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Harry Anslinger and what was his role in marijuana regulation? |
|
Definition
| Harry Anslinger was the commmisioner of the Bureau of Narcotics from 1932 to 1963]2; he was in charge of drug education, prevention, and treatment; he focused arresting large dealers rather than users. |
|
|
Term
| What is the important difference between a Schedule I and Schedule II controlled substance? |
|
Definition
| Schedule I drugs have no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitaions of urine screening versus hair sample analysis? |
|
Definition
| Urine test are capable of detecting most drugs for up to only three days unless detection levels are changed, which may lead to false positive results. Hair tests are less invasaive than asking a person to pee in a cup while you watch. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how much is the United States spending per year on federal drug control efforts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to what variables are substances organized into different schedules? |
|
Definition
| Substances are organized into different Schedules according to their medical use and dependence potential. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act? |
|
Definition
| Regulated food and drug labels. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Harrison Act of 1914? |
|
Definition
| Provided for the regulation and taxation of opium and cocaine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chemical name gives a complete chemical description of a compound (NaCl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Official names listed in the United States Pharmacopoia (aspirin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer. (Bayer aspirin) |
|
|
Term
| Into which major category does Heroin fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under which major category does cocaine fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under which major category does alcohol fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under which major category does Prozac fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should LD50 always be greater than ED50? |
|
Definition
| Because the dose to kill fifty percent of the population should be higher than the dose needed to treat fifty percent of the population. |
|
|
Term
| Why do people say that LSD is one of the most potent psychoactive drugs? |
|
Definition
| LSD has the lowest ED50 of all the hallucinogenic drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Which route of administration gets a drug to the brain more quickly? |
|
Definition
| Inhalation, because the capillaries are very accessible in the lungs, and the drug enters the blood quickly. It is faster than IV injection because of the patterns of blood circulation in the body; the blood leaving the lungs moves directly to the breain, whereas the blood from the veins in the arm must return to the heart, then be pumped tot the lungs before moving on to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How might two drug interact with each other through actions on the CYP450 enzyme system? |
|
Definition
| CYP450 are enzymes inside the liver that break down molecules. Drugs can have two effects on them: 1.) They can cause the liver to produce more CYP450 enzymes and break down other molecules faster, or 2.) they can occupy the enzyme so that they inhibit the ezymes effect on other molecules |
|
|
Term
| What type of tolerance is related to physical dependence and why? |
|
Definition
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance, because the sensitivity of the brains neurons decrease in order for the brain to reach homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| At about what periods in history did cocaine reach its first and second peaks of popularity, and when was amphetamines popularity at its highest? |
|
Definition
| Cocaine- late 19th century to early 20th century and late 1960's. amphetamine- 1960's |
|
|
Term
| How does the chemical difference between methamphetamine and amphetamine relate to the behavioral effects of the two drugs? |
|
Definition
| Methamphetamine is similar to amphetamine except that a methyl group has been added to the basic amphetamine structure. This methyl group seems to make the molecule cross the blood-brain barrier more readily and thus increase the CNS potency. |
|
|
Term
| Compare the dependence potential of cocaine with that of amphetamine. |
|
Definition
| Both are potential reinforcers and are habit forming, creating a psychological dependence. |
|
|
Term
| What was the foul-smelling drug that was so widely used in mental hospitals before the 1950's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A prescription of 30 mg. of phenobarbital would probably have been for which type of use? |
|
Definition
| To keep a person calm and relaxed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between psychological dependence and the time course of a drugs actions? |
|
Definition
| Psychological dependence develops more rapidly when the drug hits the brain more quickly. |
|
|
Term
| The barbituates and the benzodiazepines act at which neurotransmittor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should hypnotic drugs be prescribed only a few nights at a time? |
|
Definition
| Because of concerns of tolerance, rebound insomnia, dependence, and "hangover" effects. |
|
|
Term
| What is zolpidem (Ambien)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a person who takes an overdose of a sedative-hypnotic? |
|
Definition
| Impaired judgement and incoordination, depressed respiration, and, with large enough doses, death. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of combinig GHB and alcohol? |
|
Definition
| A combined depressant effect sometimes leading to death. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an organic disorder and a function disorder? |
|
Definition
| An organic disorder has known physical causes such as a brain tumor or infection, while a functional disorder has no known or obvious physical causes. |
|
|
Term
| What is tardive dsykinesia and how does it respond to a reduction in the dose of an antipsychotic drug? |
|
Definition
| tardive dyskinesia occurs only after years of antipsychotic drug treatments; characterized by rhythmic and repetive motions. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of drug was discovered while testing an antituberculosis agent? |
|
Definition
| MAO inhibitor (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| How do SSRIs differ from the older tricylics in terms of their actions in the brain? |
|
Definition
| SSRIs are similar to trycylics except that SSRIs are more selective (have fewer actions) than trycylics. |
|
|
Term
| What are three reasons that it took so long for lithium to be available for use in the United States? |
|
Definition
| 1.) lithium was originally used as a salt substitute and because it's use was not controlled there were several deaths. 2.) Mania was not seen as a major problem in the United States, 3.) Drug companies wishing to make a profit of this drug had trouble creating a patent on a drug that is one of the element on the periodic table. |
|
|
Term
| Why was prozac the most widely prescribed antidepressant drug ever marketed? |
|
Definition
| Prozac is safer than tricylics antidepressants in that it is less likely to lead to overdose deaths. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: socioeconomic status is a significant correlate to drug and alcohol use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year did marijuana use in the United States peak before beginning a steady decline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One country in which our drug control efforts and our other foreign policy interests have been in conflict is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number of arrests per year for drug-law violations currently stands at: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A recent survey of intravenous drug users in several U.S. cities found HIV infection at a rate: |
|
Definition
| as high as 30%, constituting a serious public health risk. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between generic and brand name drugs? |
|
Definition
| Generic drugs are named after the chemical, not a brand name. |
|
|
Term
| A dose-response curve is: |
|
Definition
| a tool to compare the size of the response to the amount of the drug. |
|
|
Term
| The time course of a drug's effect is influenced by what three things? |
|
Definition
1) the route of administration.
2) protein binding in the blood.
3) rate of elimination. |
|
|
Term
| The psychoactive chemical in the coca plant is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a valid medical use for cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cocaine's mechanism of action work? |
|
Definition
| It blocks the reuptake of neurotransmittors and dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| Since 1985 how has cocaine use changed in the general population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How has the use of amphetamine changed in the general population over the last couple of years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used sedative-hypnotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is paraldehyde no longer used in hospitals? |
|
Definition
| It has a noxious taste and odor. |
|
|
Term
| What is a drug that is used to induce sleep called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most popular group of sedatives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quualude and Sopor are brand names for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug was listed as a Schedule I in 2000 after the death of Samantha Reid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does general paresis refer to? |
|
Definition
| a syphilitic infection of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| In an early form of shock therapy what was injected into patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy was first introduced to treat what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine were the first type of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| individuals who use antipsychotics tend to develop what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lithium was demonstrated to be effective on what type of patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About what percentage of homeless people in the United States have some sort of mental disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary grain used to make beer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The word "brandy" comes from the Dutch word meaning what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between 1935 and 1980 what happened to the number of breweries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 18th ammendment prohibiting the sale and use of alcohol was ratified in what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After prohibition first went into effect what happened to the number of alcohol related deaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Disulfiram(Antabuse) do? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits the production of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when corn constitutes more than 51% of the grain in a mash? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what reason was there an interest in tobacco in Europe in the 1500's? |
|
Definition
| possible medical benefits of tobacco |
|
|
Term
| Before the 1900's was the most popular form of tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the most popular brand of cigarettes before WWII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cigarette compound closed linked with lung cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are tobacco specific nitrosamines? |
|
Definition
| carcinogen compounds found in tobacco. |
|
|
Term
| What country had an early monopoly on Tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the U.S. Coffee consumption reached an all-time high of 20 pounds per capita? |
|
Definition
| 1946 after the completion of WWII |
|
|
Term
| Other than Latin America, name three countries from which a large amount of caffeine is imported to the United States. |
|
Definition
| Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam |
|
|
Term
| The majority of the caffeine removed from coffee goes into what product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is oxidized tea called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what country did Europeans first discover chocolate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fairly large amount of caffeine is contained in what type of over-the-counter drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act redefine the definition of supplement to include? |
|
Definition
| substances such as herbs and amino acids and concentrates from herbs and amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| As of 2006, what must a label for a dietary supplement include? |
|
Definition
| An address to report in adverse side effects from the use of the supplement. |
|
|
Term
| Children give aspirin have an increased risk for what health issue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As of 2006, over-the-counter drugs containing what substance must be signed by the consumer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for Acetylsalicylic acid is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from which species of poppy plant is opium derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the country responsible for having the most opium smuggled into China? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was morphine isolated from opium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what brand name was diacetyl morphine originally sold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Out of these three drugs which is the most potent: morphine, heroine, or fentanyl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medically, opiods have saved the most lives from their use as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioids act on the brain via which receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common treatment for heroin dependence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the administration of Naloxone do? |
|
Definition
| It block the actions of opioids |
|
|
Term
| In what year was LSD synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE or FALSE studies of LSD have shown that tolerance develops rapdily. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hallucinogen, if taken orally, is ineffective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harmaline, found in ayahuasca, accentuated the effect of what hallucinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hallucinogen has a cross tolerance with mescaline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant is associated with flying witches and black mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much time may complete elimination of one dose of THC and its metabolites take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the endogenous substance in the brain with marijuana-like effects called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what medical usage has Dronabiniol been approved? |
|
Definition
| As an antiemetic in conjunction with chemotherapy and as a treatment for glaucoma. |
|
|
Term
| The peak years for the percentage of high school seniors who reported smoking marijuana occurred around when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened after the California state government changed marijuan possesion from a felony to a misdemeanor? |
|
Definition
| cost for courts, juries, and jails decreased. |
|
|
Term
| What will happen if a person consumes too much strychnine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what form was cocaine available to athletes's in the early 1800's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was given to racing horses and dogs in order to slow them down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first country to provide the males sex hormone testosterone n a wide-scale basis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Athletes who take methamphetamine may show an improvment in endurance. What, according to the book, may this be a result of? |
|
Definition
| methamphetamines ability to mask fatigue |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to increase the height and weight of adolescent athletes? |
|
Definition
| Human growth hormonesagent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonsteroidal anabolic agent |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood-brain barriers main effect? |
|
Definition
| To prevent many drugs from reaching effective concentrations in the brain. |
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