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Definition
| depress functioning of the Central Nervous System |
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Term
| physical effects of downers |
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Definition
| Sedation, Muscle relaxation, Drowsiness, Coma, if the dose is high enough |
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Term
| Mental effects of downers |
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Definition
Disinhibition of impulses and emotions
Euphoria due to reduction of anxiety and emotional distress |
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Term
| The three major classes of depressant drugs are: |
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Definition
| Opiates/Opioids,Sedative-hypnotics, Alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs refined from raw opium.. |
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Term
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Definition
| the milky fluid of the unripe seed pod of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). |
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Term
| The major opiates found in opium are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Semi-synthetic opiates are |
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Definition
| chemical variations of morphine and codeine |
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Term
| Opioids are fully synthetic drugs and include |
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Definition
methadone (Dolophine)
meperidine (Demerol)
propoxyphene (Darvon)
fentanyl (Sublimaze). |
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Term
| The opium poppy was first cultivated in |
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Definition
| ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece around 3400 B.C. The plant was used as a cure-all medicine, a source of pleasure, and a poison. |
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Term
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Definition
| originally was chewed, eaten, or mixed with liquids and swallowed to induce drowsiness and to cure illnesses. The bitter taste and slow onset kept the abuse potential low. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the 16th century explorers and traders introduced the pipe to Europe and Asia; and the nonmedical use of opium became wide spread, especially in China. An epidemic of abuse led to China blockading its ports from English trading ships selling opium (Opium Wars, 1839-1842 and 1856-1860). Chinese workers brought in to build railroads introduced opium smoking to the United States |
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Term
| Refinement of morphine, codeine, and heroin |
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Definition
| . In 1805 morphine was isolated from opium, and in 1874, chemists altered the morphine molecule to produce heroin (diacetylmorphine). Heroin is more fat soluble than morphine; which allows it to cross the blood-brain barrier quickly and cause a rapid mood change. |
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Term
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Definition
| The development of the hypodermic needle (1853) made morphine's effect even more potent and more addicting |
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Term
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Definition
| . In the 1800s, hundreds of opium-laced tonics and medicines were available. Over medication by doctors, and the popularity of opium concoctions increased addiction rates dramatically. |
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Term
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Definition
| . If heroin is sufficiently pure, users can get high by snorting it. Today, over half of all heroin addicts in treatment started their habit by insufflations |
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Term
| Twentieth Century and Government Regulation |
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Definition
| Casual nonmedical opiate use became illegal in the United States in the early 1900s. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are 5 to 10 million heroin users worldwide, with the United States consuming only 3% of the world supply |
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Term
| Physicians prescribe opioids to |
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Definition
| deaden pain, control coughing, and stop diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| is the neurotransmitter released by neurons in spinal cord pain pathways to signal tissue damage. |
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Term
| Opiate/Opioid drugs are able |
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Definition
| to bind to and activate endorphin receptors, and thus mimic our natural pain reduction system |
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Term
| Endorphins also dampen mental pain such as |
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Definition
| fear and anxiety, and produce a calm, detached mood |
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Term
| Opioid drugs increase activity in the brain’s reward /pleasure pathway which can |
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Definition
| produce a state of euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| Opioids bind to receptors in the brain stem that control the cough reflex. Coughing due to throat and lung irritation is reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opioid drugs reduce gastric secretions and slow contractions of smooth muscles lining the intestines so that life-threatening fluid loss is reduced |
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Term
| Physical side effects of Opioid drugs include |
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Definition
Constipation
Pupil constriction
Drooping eyelids
Relaxed muscle tone
Dry, itchy skin
Vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| People seeking mental effects such as euphoria, might need 10 times their original dosage, after a month of regular use |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a person abruptly stops taking a drug after continuous, high dose use. The functions of the nervous system and other organs have changed to compensate for the effects of the drug, and reversing these changes takes time. During this period of adjustment, the person experiences unpleasant physical and mental symptoms. |
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Term
| Opioid withdrawal symptoms include |
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Definition
Fever, chills, and goose bumps Intestinal cramps and diarrhea
Bone and joint pain, Muscle cramps, Insomnia And, of course, intense craving |
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Term
| Withdrawal from short-acting drugs, like heroin and morphine, produces |
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Definition
| the sudden onset of severe symptoms which begin 8 to 10 hours after the last dose and peak within 48 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heroin easily crosses the placental barrier, so the fetus is exposed to the same blood levels as the mother. |
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Term
| Some of the symptoms of opioid overdose include: |
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Definition
Blue lips and pale or bluish skin
Slow shallow breaths with fluid rattles or gasps
Very constricted pupils that look like pin pricks
Skin feels cold and clammy |
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Term
| From 50% to 90% of needle using heroin addicts carry |
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Definition
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Term
| Over half of IV drug users carry HIV which can |
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Definition
| spread to their sexual partners |
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Term
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Definition
| A majority (79%) of heroin users has full-time jobs but a habit can grow from $20 to $200 dollars a day. t is estimated that 60% of the cost is covered by prostitution and drug dealing and 40% by shoplifting and burglary. |
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Term
| Largest sources of illegal opium and heroin are |
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Definition
| Afghanistan and the Golden Triangle (Burma, Northern Thailand and Laos). India is the largest grower of opium for legal medical purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| "China White" and “Persian brown". Since the 40's, Mexico has been largest supplier to U.S. of “black tar" heroin which is often smoked |
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Term
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Definition
| is not as strong as morphine, and generally used for relief of moderate pain or to control coughs. |
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Term
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Definition
| is refined from opium and is the standard for pain relief measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long-lasting opioid which is taken orally to reduce heroin craving and reduce withdrawal symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A semi-synthetic opioid refined from morphine. It is 8 times more potent than morphine |
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Term
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Definition
| An older oral pain reliever. |
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Term
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Definition
| Today it is the most abused oral pain reliever |
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Term
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Definition
| A short-acting opioid, usually injected |
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