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| natural substances produced by plants. |
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| from the leaves of the coca plant |
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| From the tobacco plant leaves |
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| from coffee bush berries (beans), tea and cola nuts. |
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| some stimulants are not found in plants but... |
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| are synthesized in legal pharmaceutical labs or in illegal underground labs. |
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| Some stimulants produce stronger effects than others; |
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| in general, the y increase the neuronal activity in the central and peripheral nervous system |
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| Physical effects of stimulants |
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Definition
Release of adrenaline(epinephrine) into the blood from adrenal glands
increase release of norepinephrine at autonomic synapses
Increased Heart, Blood Pressure, and Breathing Rate
Sweating, Dry Mouth, Dilated Pupils
Insomnia, and decreased appetite
Jaw clenching and teeth grinding (High Doses) |
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| Effects of Stimulants on the Body |
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| Some produce much stronger effects than others, but they all increase the neuronal activity in the central and peripheral nervous system |
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| The Physical effects are mediated by.. |
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| the autonmic nervous system which inerviates the smoooth muscles in blood vessels, organs, and glands. |
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| The Stimulants effects resemble the condition of extreme fear of anger called |
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| The Fight or Flight Response.. |
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Increased alertness and attention
Elevated mood, confidence, self-esteem, even euphoria
Irritability, restlessness, paranoia and psychoses (from higher doses) |
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| Strong stimulants such as cocaine or the amphetamines can keep a person awake and energized ... |
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| but, lack of sleep results in restlessness, irritability, and confusion. |
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| During extended stimulant use (binge use,) |
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| the body's energy reserves are depleted, and the person must stop their drug intake. |
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| the person sleeps a lot and arises only briefly to eat calorie rich meals.. |
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| After the crash eases..what happens?? |
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| ..an inability to feel pleasure (anhedonia), lack of energy (anergia) and intense craving can initiate another binge cycle. |
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| The Coca plant (Erythroxylon coca), grows mainly on the ... |
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Definition
..slopes of the Andes Mountains in
South America (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and mainly Colombia). The leaves of the coca bush
contain .5% to1.5% by weight of the alkaloid cocaine; and it takes 250 kg of leaves to make 1 kg of
cocaine. |
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| Chewing the Coca Leaf started in the |
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| Middle Ages, native cultures in South America used cocaine by chewing the leaves of the coca plant. They often add powdered lime to their saliva to increase cocaine absorption by mucous membranes of the mouth... |
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| Cocaine was isolated from the leaf of the coca bush in .. |
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| 1859 and cocaine hydrochloride was added to many patent medicines and elixirs. |
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| Thomas Edison and President William McKinley endorsed the use of .. |
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| Vin Mariani (a red wine laced with cocaine). |
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| From 1886 to 1903 a bottle of Coca-Cola contained |
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| The invention of the hypodermic needle in 1853 |
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| enabled large doses to be injected |
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| . Injecting cocaine intravenously results in an intense rush within |
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| 30 seconds and produces the highest blood-cocaine level. |
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| This method gets the cocaine hydrochloride onto the nasal mucosa where it is absorbed by capillaries located within the nasal membranes |
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| In the 1920's cocaine snorting became popular at |
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| underground nightclubs that sprang up during alcohol prohibition |
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| When cocaine hydrochloride is converted to freebase cocaine, it lowers the vaporization point to 98°C and makes the drug smokable using |
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| glass pipes and lighters... |
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| Beginning in the late 60’s, freebasing involved the use of solvents such as... |
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| ether to dissolve the cocaine powder and then precipitate out pure cocaine freebase crystals... |
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| A new method called “cheap basing” or “dirty basing” uses simple household products such as.. |
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| baking soda, water, and heat to precipitate crystals called crack. |
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| is metabolized very quickly by the body, its’ peak effects last for about |
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| 40 minutes, or less, depending on how it is administered. |
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| ..is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic that also constricts local blood vessels, to numb the nasal passages when inserting breathing tubes and to numb the nose, eye or throat during surgery. |
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| The crash from cocaine can be very debilitating, with the individual sleeping for |
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| 12 hour stretches yet unable to perform normal activities due to feelings of exhaustion and depression |
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| Withdrawal sets in after recovery from the crash and includes the inability to |
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| experience pleasure (anhedonia), lack of energy or motivation (anergia), and intense craving for the drug. |
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| Polydrug use occurs when users turn to downers like |
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Definition
| alcohol, Valium, or heroin to ease the intense irritation and restlessness causes by binge use |
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| Adulteration of the drug includes additives such as |
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Definition
| ....baby laxatives, lactose or procaine. |
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| a very rapid heartbeat, chest pain, and hyperventilation, often accompanied by a feeling of impending death. |
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| Smoked cocaine is delivered to the brain faster than |
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| any other method of intake. |
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| Crack is not cheaper per gram than cocaine hydrochloride; it is just sold |
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| in smaller, more affordable units. |
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| Ten to twenty dollars of crack buys a few rocks |
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| Setting up a dirty basing site was easy in |
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| abandoned houses and poor neighborhoods became saturated with crack houses |
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| Street names of amphetamines include... |
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| "speed," "crack," "crystal," "ice," "shabu," and "glass" |
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| Amphetamines are powerful artificial stimulants that can be |
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Definition
| injected, eaten, snorted, or smoked |
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| Illegal manufacture of Amphetamines is risky because |
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| of toxic fumes and explosions |
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| Amphetamines were first discovered in the late 1800's and they were used medically in the 1930's to treat |
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| asthma, obesity and depression |
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| Street "speed" supplied demand after the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 |
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| restricted sale of legal amphetamines |
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| Street chemists increased production of "crank" and "crystal" |
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| "Ice," a smokable form of methamphetamines, began to be used |
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| When amohetamines are taken orally, |
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| Less popular routes of taking amphetamines are |
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| injection and snorting because of the irritating effects |
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