Term
|
Definition
| chloroprocaine, procaine, cocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine |
|
|
Term
| which anesthetic causes vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. how are amide anesthetics metabolized?
2. how are ester anesthetics metabolized? |
|
Definition
1. liver
2. pseudocholinesterases |
|
|
Term
1. how do anesthetics cause hypersensitivity?
2. how do ester anesthetics cause hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. procaine and benzocaine are metabolized into PABA
2. esters come in methylparaben-containing solution |
|
|
Term
| what can be used for differential sensory blockade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you treat bupivacaine toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of bupivacaine toxicity |
|
Definition
| circumoral and tongue paresthesia, tinnitus; restlessness, agitation; slurred speech, stupor, coma, tonic-clonic seizures |
|
|
Term
| what is an indicator of onset of action and duration of action in local anesthetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines rate of termination for local anesthetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes methemeglobulinemia? |
|
Definition
| prilocaine and benzocaine metabolites |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat prilocaine and benzocaine toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibits Na channels extracellularly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is similar to bupivacaine but has less toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what channels/receptors do local anesthetics affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is harder to block, sensory or motor nerves? large or small? myelinated or unmyelinated? |
|
Definition
| motor, large, unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
| is there more hypotension in spinal or epidurals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much anesthesia solution do you put in a spinal injection? epidural? |
|
Definition
| 2-5ml in spinal; ~10ml in epidural |
|
|
Term
| 4 factors that affect potency of local anesthetics |
|
Definition
| fiber, pH, frequency, electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| 4 safety measures to avoid intravascular injections with local anesthetics |
|
Definition
| awake pt, slow push, epinephrine first, use ultrasound |
|
|
Term
| opioid that can be used as a cough suppressant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat opioid OD (2); which is longer acting? |
|
Definition
| naltrexone, naloxone; NALTREXONE is longer acting |
|
|
Term
| used to treat opioid withdrawal and addiction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opioid receptor partial agonist; can be used to treat opioid dependence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very strong opioid receptor agonist used for light sedation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very strong opioid agonist used for anesthesia and perioperative pain; can be administered as a patch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rank these drugs in order of potency: hydromorphone, codeine, oxycodone |
|
Definition
| codeine < oxycodone < hydromorphone |
|
|
Term
| what receptors do enkephalins bind to? dynorphins? |
|
Definition
| enkephalins bind to mu and delta; dynorphins bind to mu and kappa |
|
|
Term
| which opioids cannot be taken orally? |
|
Definition
| meperidine and morphine (except sustained release morphine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory depression, miosis, nausea/vomiting, constipation, chest wall rigidity, pruritus, seizures, orthostatic hypotension |
|
|
Term
| what 3 brain structures are involved in descending pain pathways? |
|
Definition
| rostral ventral medulla, periaqueductal gray, and locus coeruleus |
|
|
Term
| treatment for status epilepticus; AE: arrhythmias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx for status epilepticus (5) |
|
Definition
| diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital, fosphenytoin, levetiracetam |
|
|
Term
| AE: gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia, osteomalacia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pharmacokinetics of fosphenytoin |
|
Definition
|
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