Term
| If someone has developed physical dependence for a drug, then absence of the drug will cause ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychological dependence is known as _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ tolerance is due to induction of liver enzymes for drug metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ tolerance is due to adaptation of receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes opioid tolerance? |
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Definition
| a compensatory increase in adenylate cyclase which restores cAMP that is depleted by opioids |
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Term
| what is the cause of withdrawal symptoms when opiod drugs are stopped? |
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Definition
| there is a huge increase in cAMP because adenylate cyclase was increased during tolerance and is no longer inhibited by opioids |
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Term
| what is the main mechanism of euporia producing drugs of abuse? |
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Definition
| increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| what is the reward center in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you treat withdrawal syndrome? |
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Definition
1)give drug of abuse in a controlled and tapering dose (gradually withdraw from drug)
2)Treat symptoms |
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Term
| What is the molecular target of GHB( gamma hydroxybutyric acid? |
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Definition
| GABA-B receptors (mediated via Gi) |
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Term
| What receptor do opioids act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| LSD targets what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What G protein mediates the action of LSD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important sign seen in acute toxicity with opioids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for acute toxicity of opioids (overdose)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what signs are seen in Grade 0 opioid withdrawal? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most potent alkaloid in smoked marijuana? |
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Definition
| D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
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Term
| D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) acts on what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are cannnibinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blocks the degradation of Anandamide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for degradation on Anadamide? |
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Definition
| fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) |
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Term
| endogenous cannibinoids 2-arachydonyl glycerol and anadamide are __________ messengers. |
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Definition
| retrograde (released at postsynaptic membrane and travel retrogradely to the presynaptic membrane to bind their receptor) |
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Term
| Name 2 endogenous cannibinoids |
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Definition
1)2-arachydonyl glycerol
2)anaadamide |
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Term
| ________ doses of cannabis stimulate apetite |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ doses of cannabis initially inhibit apetite then later stimulate it |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Dronabinol used for? |
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Definition
cancer cachexia
HIV-induced wasting syndrome |
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Term
| Name 3 cannabinoids with therpeutic use |
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Definition
1)Dronabinol
2)Nabilone
3)Rimonabant |
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Term
| What is Nabilone used for? |
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Definition
| adjunct therapy for chronic pain |
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Term
| What is Rimonabant used for? (2) |
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Definition
1)smoking cessation
2)treatment of obesity |
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Term
| A blood alcohol level greater than _____ might cause death |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of alcohol intoxication? |
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, disinhibition |
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Term
| what type of phychosis is caused by alcohol withdrawal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the efefcts of chronic alcoholism? |
|
Definition
cirrhosis of the liver
hepatic encephalopathy |
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Term
| what is the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy seen in chronic alcoholism? |
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Definition
| NH3 is produced from proteins by bacteria in the guy, the NH3 cannot be converted to urea in the cirrhotic liver |
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Term
| How does Disulfirum help treat alcoholism? |
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Definition
| it inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase causing a toxic reaction - helps discourage alcohol use |
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Term
| what is the antidote of benzodiapine overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do benzodiapines and barbituates have an antidote? |
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Definition
benzos do - flumazenil
barbituates don't! |
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Term
| What major effects are seen in barbituate withdrawal syndrom, requring gradual withdrawal over several weeks? |
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Definition
grand mal seizures (after a few days)
psychosis -delusion, hallucination (after a week) |
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Term
| what is the net effect of barbituate withdrawal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is opiate or barbituate withdrawal more dangerous? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what transporter is inhibited by cocaine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of cocaine on dopamine? |
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Definition
| inhibits dopamine transporters causing increased extra cellular concentration |
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|
Term
| what is the treatment of cocaine withdrawal? |
|
Definition
| Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist) |
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Term
| what symptoms are seen with acute amphetamine toxicity? |
|
Definition
Euphoria, psychomotor agitation
**Fever (pathognomonic - also in opioid withdrawal)
Dilated pupils (mydriasis)
Hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmia |
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|
Term
| what receptor does flumazenil act on? |
|
Definition
| GABA-A receptor (antagonist) |
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Term
| what symptoms are seen with delirium tremens? |
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Definition
Visual hallucinations (often of snakes, bugs)
Mental confusion
Diaphoresis (excess sweating)
Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia |
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Term
| where do class 3 addcitive drugs act? (2) |
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Definition
nucleus accumbens
ventral tegmental area |
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Term
| where do class 1 and 2 addcitive drugs act? |
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Definition
| ventral tegmental area ONLY |
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Term
| Class 1 addictive drugs act on _________ receptors |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors |
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Term
| Class 2 drugs activate ____________ and ____________ |
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Definition
ionotropic receptors
ion channels |
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Term
| Class 3 addictive drugs bind _____________ |
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Definition
| transporters of biogenic amines |
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Term
|
Definition
opioids
cannabinoids
GHB
LSD |
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Term
|
Definition
cocaine
amphetamine
ecstasy |
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