Term
| Composition of blood (Hematocrit) |
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Definition
55% Plasma
45% Erythrocytes
Less than 1% Buffy coat(Leukocytes and platelets) |
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Term
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Definition
90% Water
6-8% Proteins
Electrolytes
-relatively high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-
-relatively low concentrations of H+, HCO-3, K+, and Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of group of fascicles.
Muscle fibers extend length of muscle from tendon to tendon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber. |
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Term
| Components of a muscle fiber |
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Definition
Muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue.
Sarcolemma, multinucleated, sarcoplasm.
Contains many myofibrils.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum(smooth ER)
Contains many mitochondria(high energy due to ATP)
Transverse tubules(T tubules) |
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Term
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Definition
Give skeletal and cardiac muscle striated appearance.
Orderly arrangement of thick and thin filaments(Actin and Myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
A band
H zone
M line
I band
Z line |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thick filament
No overlap |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Light band
Thin filament
No overlapping |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Contractile protein
Each G actin has a binding site for myosin |
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Term
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Definition
Regulatory protein
Overlaps binding sites on actin for myosin |
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Term
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Definition
Regulatory protein
Complex of three proteins
-Attaches to actin
-Attaches to tropomyosin
-Binds calcium reversibly
Calcium binding to troponin regulates skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Myosin tail is toward M line
Myosin head is toward I band
Myosin head binding sites
-Actin binding site
-Nucleotide binding site for ATP and ATPase |
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Term
| Sliding-Filament Mechanism |
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Definition
Muscle contraction
-shortening of muscles
Thick and thin filaments overlap
Neither thick nor thin filaments shorten
Filaments slide past each other
Sliding is due to cyclical formation and breaking of cross bridges=crossbridge cycle |
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Term
| Within a sarcomere during contraction |
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Definition
A band stays same length
I band shortens
H zone shortens
Sarcomere shortens |
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Term
| Which of the following is a property of isometric skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
load is greater than force
generated by muscle |
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Term
| A skeletal muscle is composed of a number of ________, each composed of many muscle fibers bundled by connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thick filaments have many protrusions along their middle (head of the myosin filaments) but none at their ends. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of the striated muscle's banding patterns that contains ONLY the connections linking of thick filaments is the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is caused when the actin molecule is no longer anchored to the sacrolemma? In essence, when this anchor is missing, muscle cells will die due to diagnosis of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
The myosin head is converted into the high
-energy state by ________. |
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Definition
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Term
In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the actin
-myosin complex must be broken by the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The longest phase of a twitch is the ________ phase |
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Definition
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Term
| The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin that results in the generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
During the cross
bridge cycle, ATP binding to myosin causes ________. |
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Definition
| the myosin head to detach from actin |
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Term
| The binding of calcium complex located on the actin molecule will directly result in ________. |
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Definition
the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin
binding site on the actin molecule |
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Term
| The sequence of events that links the action potential to changes in skeletal muscle force development is called ________. |
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Definition
excitation
-contraction coupling |
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Term
| The shortening of a skeletal muscle fiber during contraction involves ________. |
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Definition
| the sacromeres shortening |
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Term
| The release of an inorganic phosphate from the myosin molecule directly results in the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle stays the same length, the load is not lifted. Like pushing against a brick wall. |
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Term
| ATP is only used in what phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium complex in Skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium binding messenger in Smooth muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shortest and longest of the phases of a muscle twitch? |
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Definition
Shortest is Latent
Longest is Relaxation |
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Term
| Type 1(Slow oxidative) is given to you by mom and dad, or is made with practice and training? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers and examples of athletes with each fiber type? |
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Definition
Type 1= Slow oxidative, Marathon runner
Type 2= Fast oxidative, Mid-distance runner
Type 2x(or 2b)= Fast glycolytic, Power lifters and sprinters |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses ATP, self sustaining. When it uses up the ATP at hand, it will make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses glucose. Limited supply so fatigue will eventually set in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myosin with fast ATPase activity=>relax and contract faster |
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Term
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Definition
| Myosin with slow ATPase activity=>Slower relaxation and contraction |
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Term
| How much faster is a fast fiber versus a slow fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow fiber contractions last approximately how much longer than fast fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary energy through oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Electron transport chain, it makes 32 ATP in the Oxidative fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many mitochondria, Needs lots of myoglobin(red) to move lots of oxygen, small diameter, resistance to fatigue because they make more ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fewer mitochondria, many glycolytic enzymes, high glycogen stores(stores in muscles), uses little oxygen(anaerobic), large diameter, quick to fatigue, no myoglobin(white) |
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Term
| The primary energy through anaerobic glycolysis makes how many ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does each person have all the different muscle fibers or just one type? |
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Definition
| Each person has each type, just they favor a specific type. |
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Term
| Properties of Slow Oxidative Fibers (Type 1) |
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Definition
| Low myosin ATPase, High oxidative capacity-aerobic, Mitochondria, rich blood supply, myoglobin(red), small diameter-little tension and small diffusion barrier, fatigue slowly===>MARATHON RUNNER |
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Term
| Properties of Fast Glycolytic Fibers (Type 2x) |
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Definition
| High myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic capacity-high glycogen stores, many glycolytic enzymes, NO myoglobin(white), large diameter-greater tension, fatigue rapidly=====>Power lifters and Sprinters |
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Term
| Properties of Fast Oxidative Fibers (Type 2) |
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Definition
| High myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative capacity-aerobic, SOME myoglobin(pink), slow to fatigue but more rapid than slow oxidative, intermediate diameter====>Not fast, not slow, probably a mid distance runner |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitation-contraction coupling, slow-wave and pacemaker potentials, neural and hormonal control, uses cross bridge cycle, found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control by autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Property of smooth muscles |
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Definition
| spindle shaped(like a football), small, approxamately 1/10 the size of skeletal muscle, no striations, contains actin and myosin==>NO SARCOMERES, higher actin-myosin ratio, actin and myosin much longer, myosin heads over entire length, arranged diagonally, NO Zlines |
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Term
| Properties of Smooth Muscles cont. |
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Definition
| No nucleus, a lot of tropomyosin, NO troponin, Dense bodies analogous to Z lines, slow myosin ATPase, mysoin has light chains, little sarcoplasmic reticulum==>small calcium holding tank |
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Term
| Sliding filament mechanisms of contraction for Smooth muscles |
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Definition
| Actin and myosin are longer in smooth muscles than in skeletal muscles, myosin heads whole length, longer range of contraction. |
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Term
| The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Smooth muscles |
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Definition
1. Opening of calcium channels in plasma membrane==>Voltage,receptor, mechanically-gated
2. Calcium triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium mediated, calcium released from SR)
3. Calcium binds to calmodulin
4. Ca-Calmodulin activates MLCK(myosin light chain kinase)
5. MLCK phosphorylates myosin
6. Crossbridge cycling |
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Term
| Relaxation of smooth muscles |
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Definition
| Phosphatase removes phosphate from myosin, calcium removed from cytoplasm==>Ca-ATPase, Ca-Na counter transport |
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Term
| Regulation of Myosin light chain |
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Definition
Unphosphorylated myosin light chain==>NO ATPase activity, NO Contraction
Phosphorylated myosin light chain==>ATPase activity, contraction |
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Term
| Non-neural regulation of contraction |
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Definition
Intracellular(Ca) determines tension
Intracellular(Ca) influenced by==>Neural control-autonomic nervous system, hormonal control, paracrines(local controls) |
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Term
| What is the mechanical portion of the sliding filament theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Myosin head undergoes conformation changes swiveling back-and-forth is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-high energy form==>ADP and Pi bound to myosin, high affinity for actin
-Low energy form==>ATP bound to myosin, low affinity for actin
-relies on ATP hydrolysis
Similar to rowing a boat through the water, oar=cross bridge, link of thick filament to thin filament(oar contact with water)
-Power Stroke-Myosin head moves propelling thin filaments toward center of muscle(movement of oar propelling boat in water)
-Thick and thin filaments detach(oar breaks contact with water
-myosin head returns to initial position-->position at rest(oar moved to ner position, cycle starts again)- |
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Term
| In the crossbridge cycle, what is ATP responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the electrical component of the crossbridge cycle? |
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Definition
| Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
Sequence of events whereby an action potential in the sarcolemma causes contraction.
Depends on neural input from motor neurons(efferent), requires calcium release from the SR |
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Term
| Role of Calcium in contraction |
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Definition
| No Calcium=No contraction, calcium carries the electrical signal, Our bodies can nerver have too little calcium, we just have to get calcium from our bones. |
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Term
| NO Calcium in muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Troponin holds tropomyosin over myosin binding sites on actin, no crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, Muscle is relaxed |
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Term
| Calcium present in muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Binds to troponin, causing movement of troponin, causing movement of tropomyosin, exposing binding sites for myosin on actin. Crossbridge forms between actin and myosin, cycle occurs, muscle contracts |
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Term
| The 6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling for Skeletal muscles |
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Definition
1. Action potential in sarcolemma
2. Action potential down T tubules
3. DHP(dihydropyramin) receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels(ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs of SR
Side note: if we activate DHP we activate ryanodine which releases calcium
4. Calcium inreases in cytosol
5. Calcium binds to troponin shifting tropomyosin
6. Crossbridge cycling occurs |
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Term
| Every contraction is followed by a relaxation. What is it called if your muscles are at a constant contraction state? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gating of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Channels |
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Definition
Voltage-gated opening==>coupled to T tubules by ryanodine and DHP receptors
Calcium-induced opening
Calcium-induced closing |
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Term
| Termination of contraction |
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Definition
Calcium must leave troponin, allowing tropomyosin to cover myosin binding sites
To remove calcium from cytosol
-Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Transports calcium from cytosol into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| With training, it is possible to convert a Type II fiber to a Type I fiber. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normalized for any variability in skeletal muscle length, the speed of contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is dependent upon ________. |
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Definition
| the rate of myosin ATPase activity |
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Term
The iron
containing ring in hemoglobin is called ________ and it binds ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The interaction between actin and myosin in smooth muscle requires ________. |
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Definition
that the calcium
-calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin light chain thereby allowing myosin to bind with actin |
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Term
| Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical? |
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Definition
| bone marrow: erythropoietin |
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Term
| What type of cell is the precursor for platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| A normal hematocrit is approximately what value? |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| A skeletal muscle with slower ATPase activity can complete more crossbridge cycles per second. |
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Definition
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Term
| Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A power lifter, or olympic lifter, is best suited with Type I fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| In smooth muscle, calcium triggers contraction by binding to what protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes some muscle to appear red? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of specific muscle fiber types? |
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Definition
| Slow oxidative fibers are quick to fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Your blood should not be above 50% Erythrocytes but if it is, give the three reasons for this, and who is being currently being accused of doing one of these? |
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Definition
| The blood shouldn't be above 50% Erythrocytes, but dehydration can cause it to be above 50%. Also, blood doping, which Lance Armstrong is accussed of, is when you take blood out of your body, and separate the red blood cells then before an event place those red blood cells back into your body. You could also be taking a drug called Epo that helps you make more red blood cells. Blood doping and taking epo are very dangerous, the increase the chance for stroke and/or heart attack by ten fold. |
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Term
| What is the #1 protein in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Urea, bilirubin, and creatinine |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of red blood cells |
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Term
| Erythrocytes transport what two gases |
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Definition
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Red blood cells can stack one on top of each other, what is that formation called and what candy stole that name? |
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Definition
Realeaux
The Rollo adapted that name |
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Term
| What is the shape of the erythrocytes? |
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Definition
| biconcave disk- has large surface area, favors diffusion. Diameter is 8mm, thickness is 2mm. |
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Term
| How many red blood cells are in a mL of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Flexible membrane, NO nucleus nor organelles, NO mitochondria, NO anaerobic glycolysis. |
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Term
| Major function of Erythrocytes |
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Definition
| Carry oxygen to all the body and take carbon dioxide to the lungs to be breathed out. |
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Term
| Each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many groups of oxygen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hemoglobin molecule is made up of what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Globin is made up of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An iron containing group that can grab onto oxygen and move through the body |
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Term
| Hemoglobin transports how much of oxygen? |
|
Definition
98.5%
1.5% of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma |
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Term
| What color is hemoglobin (oxygenated, and deoxygenated) |
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Definition
Oxygenated hemoglobin is Bright red
Deoxygenated hemoglobin is Dark red |
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Term
| How long is the life span of erythrocytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How often are red blood cells replaced? |
|
Definition
2-3 million per second
about 200 billion per day |
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Term
| Where are the red blood cells filtered? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NO DNA, RNA, or organelles
NO division of mature RBC's |
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Term
| Requirements of erythrocyte production |
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Definition
| Iron, Folic acid, and Vitamin B12. |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxygen binds to iron in blood
Component of hemoglobin(heme portion) Normal hemoglobin levels
Men: 13-18gram/dL
Women: 12-16gram/dL
Low iron is anemia-exercise training does not produce more iron |
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Term
| Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 |
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Definition
Folic acid and Vitamin B12 are necessary for DNA replication, thus cell proliferation
Both are fortified in breads and cereals.
B12 is only made in stomach of animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Malaria and sickle cell anemia(RBC's are shaped so that they cannot stack on top of each other, makes process painful and slow) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| If the Bilirubin is at high concentration in the blood what problems can it cause? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, also called thrombocytes(blood clots) |
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Term
|
Definition
Colorless
Cell fragments(no nucleus)
Has organelles and granules
100,000-500,000/mL blood
Important in blood clotting
Granules containing secretory products |
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Term
| Platelet secretory products |
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Definition
| ADP, Serotonin, Epinephrine, chemicals for blood coagulation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets become sticky when... |
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Definition
| they are activated by proteins |
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Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation
First step: Platelet adhesion |
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Definition
Blood vessel gets damaged
Exposure of subendothelium
vWf binds to collagen fibers
Platelets bind to vWf
Platelet adhesion, sticky, secretions(ADP,Serotonin, Epi) |
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|
Term
Platelet plug(blood clot) formation
Second step: Aggregation |
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Definition
Aggregated platelets release secretory products:
ADP-increases stickiness(+feedback)
Serotonin-vasoconstriction
Epinephrine-vasoconstriction
Chemicals to facilitate blood coagulation
Also produce thromboxane A2(+feedback) |
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Term
| Formation of a blood clot |
|
Definition
Clotting=coagulation-blood conveted into a solid gel called clot or throbus
Occurs around platelet plug
Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism
Hemo=blood, static=lacking in movement |
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Term
|
Definition
Fibrinogen->Thromin->Fibrin(loose)->Fibrin(mesh)
(Fibrin clot=blood clot) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal blood clot time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requires another cascade initiated by exposure to collagen
plasminogen->plasminogen activators->plasmin->dissolves the clot
We need thrombin and fibrinogen to clot
We need plasminogen and plasmin to dissolve clot |
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Term
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Definition
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