Term
| Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| prolactin inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
| An increase in the size of an organ as a consequence of an increase in cell number is referred to as hypertrophy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of the action potential is dependent upon the extent to which the change in membrane potential is above threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid gland secretes what hormone? |
|
Definition
| both thyroid hormones and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more negative, is referred to as a
________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic
-pituitary portal system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid ________. |
|
Definition
| opening of sodium channels |
|
|
Term
The all
or none principle, associated with the action potential, states that ________. |
|
Definition
| once membrane potential reaches threshold, an action potential will be generated and that action potential will always be the same magnitude |
|
|
Term
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| gonadotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
The jumping of an action potential from node
to node is called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The stimulation of an inadequate number of sodium channels for the generation of a positive
sodium channel feedback loop is considered a ________ stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following endocrine organs is located in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens? |
|
Definition
| both zonae reticularis and fasciculata |
|
|
Term
| In myelinated nerve fibers, where do action potentials occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are hollow cavities within the brain that are bathed by cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the thermoregulatory center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone? |
|
Definition
| Pia mater: arachnoid mater: dura mater |
|
|
Term
| In response to stepping on a nail, the cross extensor reflex causes |
|
Definition
| Contralateral extension of the knee |
|
|
Term
| The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The growth
-promoting functions of growth hormone rely partially on the activity of ________. |
|
Definition
insulin
-like growth factors |
|
|
Term
| Insulin is secreted by the ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the absorptive state, the decrease in blood glucose acts to increase insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is a region of the diencephalon that provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement to the motor program that was generated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon is secreted from ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the postabsorptive state, blood levels of ________. |
|
Definition
| insulin decrease, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following reflexes is a monosynaptic reflex found in the human body? |
|
Definition
| muscle spindle stretch reflex |
|
|
Term
| The efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate from the ________. |
|
Definition
| ventral horn of spinal column |
|
|
Term
| In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peptide hormone secreted from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans. Promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules(anabolic reactions). Promotes glucose uptake by body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases during abosorptive state. Increase glucose and amino acids in plasma. Secretion decreases in postabsorptive state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases during postabsorptive state. Decreases during absorptive state. Increase glucose in plasma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mobilization of enery stores glycogenolysis, lipolysis. Synthesize new glucose. Catabolic hormone. |
|
|
Term
| If insulin increases then.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal blood glucose level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormones, somatomedins(insulin-like growth factors), insulin, thyroid hormones(T3, T4), sex hormones(testosterone, estrogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors increasing GHRH release. |
|
Definition
| Decrease in glucose and fatty acids plus increase in amino acids increases GHRH. Sleep, exercise, stress, circadian rhythm. |
|
|
Term
| What secretes calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesize thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are stored in colloid until secreted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant form produces, lasts a long time(whole body), provides long loop negative feedback. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not as much made, more active at target tissue. Activation at target tissue-->T4 converted to T3. |
|
|
Term
| Role of cortisol in stress response |
|
Definition
| Cortisol is a hormone of stress, mobilizes energy stores, suppresses immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries(female), testes(male), placenta during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary endocrine glands |
|
Definition
| heart, stomach, liver, kidney, small intestines, skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis. Could take up to 24 hours, multiple steps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurohypophysis. Has a quick reaction time, maybe 5 minutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affect release of another hormone. Releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glandular tissue in brain. Secretes melatonin, function unknown. May be involved in circadian rhythms. |
|
|
Term
| Hormones of the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
T4=tetraiodothyronine, T3=triodothyronine-->They regulate metabolism.
Calcitonin-->regulates calcium levels in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates calcium levels in blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes thymosine which regulates T cell(white blood cells or memory cells) functions. Thymus disintegrates around age 20. If you are born without a thymus then you have bubble boy syndome. You will be sick all the time because your body has no memory or getting a cold or cough so you will get it again. |
|
|
Term
| Mineralocorticoids(aldosterone) |
|
Definition
| Secreted from zonae glomerulosa(in adrenal gland), regulates sodium and potassium levels & water levels. |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids(cortisol) |
|
Definition
| Secreted from zonae fasciculata and reticularis(in adrenal gland), regulates body's response to stress, and regulates metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted from zonae fasciculata and reticularis(in adrenal gland), regulates reproductive functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha cells==>secrete glucagon
Beta cells==>secrete insulin
Delta cells==>secrete somatostatin
F cells==>secrete pancreatic polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated, Ligand(chemically)gated, Mechanically gated |
|
|
Term
| Phases of an action potential |
|
Definition
Phase1: -70 to +30mV(depolarization)
Phase2: returing to resting point(-70)(repolarization
Phase3: Make more negative(hyperpolarization) |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization to treshold |
|
Definition
| Graded potentials bring membrane to threshold, threshold triggers-->rapid opening of sodium channels, regenerative mechanism, slow closing of sodium channels, slow opening of potassium channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Significantly above threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA:Threshold. An action potential will not happen unless threshold is reached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of time following an action potential. Marked by decreased excitability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Larger-->less resistance, faster
Smaller-->more resistance, slower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saltatory(to jump, leap)conduction, faster propagation. Gets to jump to Nodes of Ranveir-->faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has to hit every myelin sheath which means it is going to be slower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain and spinal cord. Contains 10 to the 11th power neurons, contains 10 to the 14th power synapses, responsible for everything we preceive, do, feel, and think. |
|
|
Term
| CNS Physical support: from skull to brain |
|
Definition
Dura mater(leather-like)
Arachnoid(full of vessels and fluid)
Pia mater(like ceran wrap to lock in moisture) |
|
|
Term
| What are the holes in the brain called and how many are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular fluid of the CNS, secreted by ependymal cells of the choriod plexus, circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricles, reabsorbed by arachnoid villi. Functions: Cushions brain, maintains stable interstitial fluid environment. |
|
|
Term
| Are gray and white matter myelinated? |
|
Definition
| Gray is not myelinated, white is myelinated. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary location of commissural fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory=dorsal, Afferent
Motor=ventral, Efferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebrum-->Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei
Diencephalon-->Thalamus, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilaterally symmetrical, cortex and nuclei, Functions: Motor coordination and balance, Coordination of eye and body movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connects forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord.
Midbrain connects to forebrain.
Pons connects to cerebellum.
Medulla connects to spinal cord.
Process center for 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As we age do we add or lose motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| We add them, think newborn versus adult. As a newborn we can't walk, but as an adult we can walk, run .... |
|
|
Term
| What controls our posture? |
|
Definition
| Brainstem exerts involuntary control over posture via extraphramidal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Input to brainstem comes from what? |
|
Definition
| Skin receptors, eyes, ears, proprioceptors, vestibular apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Motor coordination and the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| It is critical to motor coordination, feedback controls motor funtions, contributes to muscle tone, stores programs for remembering activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary function is to regulate organs to maintain homeostasis. Made up of parasympathetic and sypathetic. |
|
|
Term
| Parasypathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
Rest and digest
Long pre
Short post |
|
|
Term
| Sypathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
Stress(fight or flight)
Short pre
Long post |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve is also know as what? |
|
Definition
| Vagus nerve. Originates in medulla oblogata. Does work for EVERY organ in the body. Vagus nerve is doing all the work while body is at rest(parasympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic neurons originate where? |
|
Definition
| Thoracolumbar spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short preganglionic neurons to sympathetic chain. Long postganglionic neurons from chain to effector organs. Ganglia linked together in sympathetic chain. Exception to rule: Collateral ganglia-outside chain, adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generate epi and noraepi and are called chromaffin cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exits via ventral root of spinal cord and enters spinal nerve. Axons leave spinal nerve as White ramus and enter sympathetic ganglia. Communicate in ganglia with postganglionic neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leave ganglia as gray ramus and re-enter spinal nerve. Travel to effector organ in spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial and sacral mediated |
|
|
Term
| All preganglionic neurons release what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines are made up of what? |
|
Definition
80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine
Little dopamine(not significant) |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic cholinergic receptors |
|
Definition
Open channels for cations(Na+ and K+)
Results=depolarization
Faster-sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic cholinergic receptors |
|
Definition
G protein coupled
Effects depends on target cell
Slower-parasypathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Beta1=heart
Beta2=lungs
Beta3=Fat |
|
|
