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| Phenols have a pKa of......why? |
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| 10....the resonance structure makes it have different characteristics than normal alcohols |
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| In vitro, the enzyme which reduces molecules is called |
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| An aldehyde when reduced becomes |
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| An aldehyde when oxidized becomes |
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| Can ketones go through oxidation? |
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| No - there are no places to add an oxygen. |
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| What becomes of ketones when they are reduced by reductase? |
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| In Vitro, which enzyme breaks the ester bond? |
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| Esterase use what type of reaction to break the ester bond? |
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| When esters go through hydrolysis with esterase, what two compounds are made? |
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| A carboxylic acid and an alcohol.[image] |
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| A lactone can be also called... |
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[image]
All different types of lactones: cyclic esters. |
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| The enzyme that breaks the Amide bond is called what? |
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| Amidase uses which type of reaction? |
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| Lactams are also called what? |
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[image]
Different types of lactams. |
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| An example of an azo drug is |
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| It is a sulfonamide anitbiotic. |
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| Protonsil is considered what type of drug? |
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Why is Prontosil considered a Prodrug?
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Because in vitro it is reduced by the enzyme reductase - releasing the active form of the drug.
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| Where in the molecule does reductase cleave prontosil? |
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| It cleaves it along the AZO bond. |
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| What are three Catecholamines? |
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| Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and Dopamine |
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| Lactamase breaks the lactam bond between which atom? |
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| Lactamase catalyzes what type of reaction? |
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| What does hydroxylase do? |
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| It adds hydroxyl groups, it DOES NOT cleave anything. |
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| If a hydroxyl group needs to be taken off a molecule, what must happen? |
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| The alcohol needs to be reduced. |
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| Which three enzymes perform hydrolysis? |
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| Esterase, Amidase, Lactamase |
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| Phase 1 metabolism consists of what three reactions? |
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| Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis |
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| Phase II metabolism consists mainly of... |
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| ...conjugation of the molecule. |
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| Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine? |
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| Choline acetyltransferase. |
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| Choline Acetyltransferase has what two ligands? |
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| Choline & Acetyl coenzyme A. |
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| Which enzyme catalyzes the inactivation of acetylcholine? |
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| To inactivate Acetylcholine, which bond needs to be broken? |
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| The pKa is equal to what? |
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| If you have a strong acid, what is the Ka? |
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| If you have strong acid, is the pKa low or high? |
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| In Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, how are the equations different for acids and bases? |
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For and acid: The log fraction is the conjugate base/acid.
For a base: The base/conjugate acid. |
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| When pKa=pH what happens? |
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| The ionized and nonionized proportion is the same. |
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| If the pH of a solvent is more than the pKa of an HA acid solute, will the solute be in a ionized form? |
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| It the pH of a solution is less than the pKa of a HA acid solute, will the solute be an ionized form? |
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| No, it will not give up its hydrogen. |
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| Electron Withdrawing groups make molecules more What? |
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| Electron donating groups make molecules more what? |
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| Which changes the pKa to greater degree: e- donating or e-withdrawing? |
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| Are Amides, Imides, and Sulfonamides considered HB or HA acids? |
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| Amines are considered what type of acids? |
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| What are the strongest e- donating substituents? |
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| Which are all the e- donating molecules? |
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-N(CH3)2
-NH2
-OH
-OCH3
-NHC=OCH3
-OC=OCH3
-R
-Cl,Br,I |
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| What are the strongest e- accepting (deactivating)? |
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| Which are all the deactivating substituents? |
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-N+(CH3)3
-NO2
-C-=N
-SO3H
-C=OH
-C=OCH3
-COOH
-C=OCH3
-C=ONH2
-N+H3 |
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| In order to increase solubility, what must be done to the molecule? |
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| The number of interaction must be increased. |
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| What are electron donating groups? |
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-NC2
-Amines
-Hydroxides
-Ether
-Amide (N)
-Ester
-Cl, Br, I |
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| What are elctron withdrawing groups? |
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-N+C3
-Nitro
-Cyano
-SO3H
-Aldehyde
-Ketone
-Amide (C)
-Ammonia |
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| Absorption has to do with 2 things; which are? |
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Residence Time in the body (in touch with the
& equilibrium shifts. |
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| What are the weakest forces? |
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| London forces have a attractive force less than |
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| The effective distance of london forces is |
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| Hydrophobic interactions are important becuaser they |
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| stabilize the formation of proteins. |
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| Because of hydrophobix interactions, hydrocarbons cannot form ______ _____ in water. |
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| Water becomes more ordered around hydrocarbon. What does this mean in terms of entropy? |
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| Order increase, entropy decreases. |
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| What are stronger dipoles or hydrogen bonding? |
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| Which are stronger, Ionic bonds or covalent bonds? |
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| The molecules of HF, H2O, and NH3 have very high boiling points. Why? |
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| They can form hydrogen bonds. |
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