Term
| What is the definition of a powder? |
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Definition
| A mixture of finely divided drugs and or chemicals in a dry form |
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Term
| A granule is defined to be |
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Definition
| an agglomerates of powder mixes, usually of drug plus excipients |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of powders/granules? |
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Definition
1. Bulk = Multiple dose
2. Divided = single dose |
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Term
| Powders/granules can be used in the oral route. They will be reconstituted or added to a liquid before ingestion. Give some examples: |
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Definition
1. Bulk reconstitutable like in antibiotics
2. Bulk forms to be divided
3. Divided forms
4. Triturations |
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Term
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Definition
1. Powdered packets
2. Sachet
3. Powder papers "charts" |
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Term
| T/F: Powders serve as the starting point for most dosage forms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some advantages of Powders/granules include |
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Definition
1. Chemical stability (higher in solid state)
2. Can be convenient for drugs to be taken as a liquid ( ex: easily reconstituted powder packets)
3. A good alternative for high dose drugs |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of powders/granules? |
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Definition
1. There is an extra step needed before usage
2. Potential misunderstanding of correct method use (ex: some choose to take it dry--wrong way)
3. Potential inaccuracy of dosing |
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Term
| Which properties are important of powders? |
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Definition
1. form
2. particle size
3. particle flow
4. solid state stability |
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Term
| Particle size is important because |
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Definition
it affects dissolution rate, particle flow, and particle settling.
you decrease the size you increase the dissolution rate
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Term
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Definition
1. mixing and pouring
2. speed of processing during manufacture
3. settling and stratification during handling, mixing and storage |
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Term
| What 4 things determine the particle flow? |
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Definition
1. Particle cohesiveness
2. Particle density
3. Particle size
4. Particle shape |
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Term
| What is eutectic formation? |
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Definition
| When certain drugs (solids) can liquefy when mixed together. they do this because the combined melting points are lowered to below room temperature due to impurities in the substance that lowers their melting temps. |
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Term
| T/F: Industrial comminution involves the use of different mills. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The extemporaneous method of comminution of powders is via mortar and pestle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of Mortar and Pestle? |
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Definition
1. WedgeWood
2. Glazed Porcelain
3. Glass |
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Term
| T/F: The WedgeWood Mortar and Pestle is made out of wood. |
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Definition
False. It is made out of porcelain.
It has porous and roughened surface |
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Term
| Out of the 3 main types, which is the best for communition? |
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Definition
The Wedgewood is the best because it has the roughest surface.
Becomes smooth with use and not a good idea to use colored/ potent material because of its pores |
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Term
| The Glazed Porcelain Mortar/Pestle is good for |
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Definition
Blending powders.
it is less porous than the Wedgewood.
Made from Coors |
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Term
| The Glass Mortar/Pestle is not good for comminution but is adequate for most needs. When would you want to use one of these kinds? |
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Definition
| When you have colored or potent materials |
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Term
| What are the 2 methods of comminution via a mortar/pestle? |
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Definition
1. Trituration
2. Levigation |
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Term
| Trituration reduces the substances to fine particles while Levigation is aka _______ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In Levigation, the powder is mixed with a 'levigating agent' by spatulation or trituration and then converts the powder to _____ and ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is blending of powders important? |
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Definition
| Homogeneous mixing of different powders is essential for dosage uniformity. |
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Term
| Industrial blending involves the use of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Extemporaneous blending methods include |
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Definition
1. Spatulation
2. Trituration |
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Term
| Why is achieiving homogeneity a difficult task to perform? |
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Definition
| Because different particles have different flow rates. |
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Term
| How do you minimize stratification? |
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Definition
| By reducing the particle size to about the same ranges |
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Term
| Why is trituration the preferred method of blending? |
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Definition
| because it grinds and mixes the powders |
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Term
| What is geometric dilution? |
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Definition
| Successive equal volume additions of diluent to a concentrat with thorough mixing between each addition. |
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Term
| A effervescent powder/granule is prepared with ____________ mixture that liberates ___________ when combined with water. |
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Definition
1. Acid/base excipients
2. CO2 |
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Term
| An Example when it will be an effervescent powder/granule is when you see |
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Definition
Na HCO3 or Citric Acid
then you know it will release CO2 when mixed with water |
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