Term
| Cardinal Signs of Inflammation |
|
Definition
Rubor - Redness
Tumor - Swelling
Calor - Heat
Dolor - Pain |
|
|
Term
| The release of ___ can cause all 4 cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
| HISTAMINE (released by mast cell) |
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased permeability leads to ___ |
|
Definition
Plasma and WBCs leaking out (swelling and pain)
as well as
Increased blood flow (redness and heat) |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte for acute inflammation. Also most common. 1st on the scene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Least common leukocyte. Involved in allergic reaction. Becomes a mast cell in tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involved in immunity from parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involved in chronic inflammation. Natural Killer Cells. T and B cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also in chronic inflammation. Largest, differentiates into macrophages in tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four steps in leukocyte extravasation |
|
Definition
| Rolling, firm adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upregulated expression of E- and P-selectin on endothelial cells.
Sialyl-Lewis X.
L-selectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased avidity for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.
This is the rate limiting step in leukocyte extravasation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PECAM-1 adhesion molecule that guides WBC to migrate b/w two endothelial cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC moving up a chemical gradient until it reaches the site of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prostaglandins and histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major cytokines in acute inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute inflammation usually leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute inflammation rarely leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation usually leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic inflammation rarely leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of serous inflammation |
|
Definition
| Skin blister, fluid edema. This is directly beneath the epidermis. |
|
|
Term
| Example of fibrinous inflammation |
|
Definition
| Fibrin leaks out of vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Example of suppurative inflammation |
|
Definition
| Pus = PMNs, edema, necrotic cell debris. Ex: Absesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface of an organ shedding of necrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
| Resolution of Inflammation |
|
Definition
Return to normal permeability.
Drainage of edema into lymphatic vessels.
Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis of edema fluid.
Phagocytosis of PMNs and debris by macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| Macrophage/Lymphocyte stimulation. |
|
Definition
Cycle of activation.
Activated lymphocyte releases interferon gamma which activates macrophage which releases interleukin-1 and TNF which activates a lymphocyte. |
|
|
Term
| Maturation of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
B lymphocytes: Stem cells --> Bone marrow --> blood --> lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymph tissue.
T lymphocytes: Stemm cells --> thymus --> blood, lymph --> Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymph tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in secondary lymphoid tissues? |
|
Definition
1. Trapping and concentrating foreign substances carried in the blood and lymph.
2. Main sites of antibody production and induction of antigen-specific T cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why is secondary lymphoid tissues important? |
|
Definition
| This gives the antigens and lymphocytes a specific place to meet for the first time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Naive lymphocytes keep migrating from node to node looking for antigen presenting cell to present the correct antigen to it.
Effector lymphocytes: T cells migrate to the site of infection. B cells secrete antibody from lymphoid organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physical barrier to infection, i.e. epithelium, mucus, saliva, tears.
Phagocytic cells, i.e. macrophages and neutrophils.
Natural Killer cells (cytotoxicity). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complement system (alternative and lectin pathways), membrane attack complex.
Cytokines and plasma proteins (interferons, C-reactive protein)
Fever |
|
|
Term
| Properties of the innate immune system |
|
Definition
Fast (minutes)
Non-specific
Limited diversity
No memory
Primitive
Reliable (no auto-immunity) |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytic Cell Receptors |
|
Definition
Phagocytic cells recognize bacteria via receptors which bind molecules that are not found on mammalian cells.
Toll-like receptors (TLR-4 binds LPS (endotoxin))
N-formyl methionine receptor
Mannose receptor - bacterial glycoproteins end in mannose residues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NK cells recognize and target cells without MHC Class I molecules.
MCH Class I inhibits NK Cytotoxicity by binding Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)
MHC Class I molecules are down regulated in virally infected cells and cancer cells so NK Cells will destroy these cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow (days)
Diverse (due to genetic recombination)
Specific
Memory
Specialized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small immunogenic molecule that have no immune response on their own. They must bind to a large carrier molecule/protein, which will ellicit an immune response against the hapten AND the carrier combined (conjugated). |
|
|
Term
| Immunogens seen differently by B and T Cells |
|
Definition
| B cells recognize BENDS and bind there. T cells recognize LINEAR spitopes of the antigen. Needs expressed antigen peptied in the APCs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of several inactive zymogens in the serum. They are unstable and cleaved into smaller molecules.
"b" are larger subunits which bind to membranes as opsonins
"a" are smaller and go away as cytokines/chemokines |
|
|
Term
| Complement cascade functions |
|
Definition
Opsonization (b) - Tagging particles and microorganisms for removal by immune system cells that have complement receptors, removal of immune complexes, and enhancement of B cell activation.
Basically the macrophages will phagocytose what has been tagged with opsonin. |
|
|
Term
| Opsonization and phagocytosis |
|
Definition
C3 becomes C3a and C3b. C3b binds microbes and antibody/antigen complexes while C3a acts as chemoattractant.
C3b is STRONG and C4b is WEAK. |
|
|
Term
| "a" components of complement cascade functions |
|
Definition
| Recruitment and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells to the site of complement activation. Activates mast cells (to release histamine to increase permeability), releases anaphylatoxins (C5a > C3a > C4a) |
|
|
Term
| Complement cascade's ultimate goal is to form the ___ |
|
Definition
| MAC (membrane attack complex) which results in cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| The complement activation pathways |
|
Definition
There are 3 of them.
Classical (C1, C4, C2, C3 (requires Ab)). Think 1423.
Alternate - properdin pathway
Mannose Binding Lectin or Lectin pathway (uses MBL to initiate the pathway.
All 3 result in the formation of a C3 + C5 convertase. They all converge at the terminal pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Classical Complement pathway |
|
Definition
C1 complex has Ab (C1q). C1r and C1s are enzymes that chop.
C1 chops C4 into C4a and C4b. C1 also chops up C2 into C2a and C2b. C3 convertase (C4b2b) chops C3 into C3a and C3b. C5 convertase (C4b2b3b) chops C5 into C5a and C5b. Once C5b is formed, the pathway feeds into the terminal pathway. |
|
|
Term
| The membrane attack complex consists of |
|
Definition
| C5b, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 9 is the main penetrating portion of the pore. Even if some bacteria are resistant to the MAC, we will attract macrophages with C3b. |
|
|
Term
| What activates the Alternative pathway? |
|
Definition
| Anything that hydrolyzes C3 will activate the alternative pathway. Ex: plasmin, cellophane, cobra venom, bacteria, aggregated IgA etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C3 to C3a and C3b. C3b binds bacteria. Factor D binds Factor B to make Ba and Bb. Now is C3bBb. Properdin comes to stabilize C3bBb complex. C3bBb complex is C3 convertase, which splits C3 into C3a and C3b, which adds more C3b to ultimately make the C5 convertase. C5 convertase is C3b^nBb. This C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b. Formation of C5b initiates the terminal pathway --> MAC formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MBL binds mannose on bacteria (note this is the only difference between Lectin pathway and classical. Remember in classical the first step is C1 complex. I.e. the terminal mannose residue in lectin pathway is equivalent to the Ab in the classical pathway. |
|
|
Term
Convertase review:
1. Classical C3 convertase
2. Classical C5 convertase
3. Alternative C3 convertase
4. Alternative C5 convertase
5. Lectin C3 convertase
6. lectin C5 convertase |
|
Definition
1. C4b2b
2. C4b2b3b
3. C3bBb
4. C3b^nBb with properdin stabilizer
5. C4b2b
6. C4b2b3b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identical formation of MAC once C5 convertase is formed in all 3 pathways. |
|
|
Term
| Complement pathway regulation |
|
Definition
| C3b has a short half life. |
|
|
Term
| Complement pathway regulation - C3b inactivators. |
|
Definition
Factor H, DAF, and Factor I.
Break apart stable structures and enzymatically cleave C3b. |
|
|
Term
| Factor H polymorphism predisposes one to ___ |
|
Definition
| Age related macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Complement pathway Regulation |
|
Definition
C1 inhibitor - regulates classical pathway, and can also regulate lectin pathway by dissociating components of MBL.
C4 binding protein - breaks apart the classical and lectin C3 convertase (C4b2b).
Anaphylatoxin inactivator - Messes with the "a" cytokines/chemokines
Vitronectin (S protein) - Prevents MAC formation |
|
|
Term
Cells with complement receptors:
1. CR1 - specifies C3b, C4b
2. CR2 - specifies C3b, EBV
3. CR3 - Specifies C3b
4. CR4 - Specifies C3b
5. C1q - Specifies C1q |
|
Definition
1. On RBCs, macrophages, PMN, and B cells
2. On B cells
3. On macrophages, PMN
4. On macrophages, PMN
5. On B cells, macrophages, platelets, and endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
Complement deficiencies
Deficiency of early cascade members (C1, C4, C2, and C3) will lead to a deficiency in ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Complement deficiencies.
Deficiency of late cascade members (C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 will lead to a deficiency in _______ |
|
Definition
formation of MAC.
5, 6, 7, or 8 can lead to difficulty killing gram negative bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Antigen Presenting Cells Capturing Antigen |
|
Definition
| APCs are dendritic cells (i.e. langerhans cells in skin). They are macrophages and B cells as well. They capture the antigen through phagocytosis or pinocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| Antigen presentation to T cells |
|
Definition
| MCH restricted. T cells recognize antigen fragments (peptides) bound and presented by antigen presenting molecules (MHC). |
|
|
Term
T cell subsets.
1. ALL T cells have ___
2. Cytotoxic T cells have ____
3. Helper T Cells have ____ also
Helper T Cells can be either TH1 or TH2.
4. TH1 secretes ___
5. TH2 secretes ___ |
|
Definition
1. CD3
2. CD8
3. CD4
4. IFN gamma, IL-2
5. IL-4,5,6,9,10 |
|
|
Term
MHC Organization.
1. MHC Class I genes encode proteins which present antigen to ___
2. MHC Class II genes encode proteins which present antigens to ___
3. MHC Class III genes encode ___ |
|
Definition
1. CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells only
2. CD4 (helper) T cells only
3. complement proteins and cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterodimers
alpha chains
beta chains - beta 2 domain has binding site for CD4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MHC Class II is expressed on APCs (dendritic cells), macrophages, and B cells. They only present to CD4 T cells (Helper T cells). |
|
|
Term
| ___ Cells have MHC Class I, and only ___ Cells have MHC Class II |
|
Definition
| All, Antigen Presenting Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 chain
alpha chain contains antigen binding site
alpha 3 domain has binding site for CD8
Beta 2 microglobulin must be associated with alpha chain for MHC class I molecule to be expressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MHC Class I is expressed on ALL nucleated cells. Only present antigen to CD8 T cells (and APCs). Viruses and mutated protein are expressed via MHC I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 light chains
2 heavy chains
Both contain Ig domains. Both contribute to the antigen binding site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kappa and lambda. Light chains on a single Ab are always identical - i.e. either 2 kappa or 2 lambda. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variable region at amino-terminus makes up the antigen binding site. Fab fragment contains both variable and constant domains from light and heavy chains. Fc only has constant domain from heavy chain. |
|
|
Term
The primary amino acid sequence of the ________ determines the isotype of the immunoglobulin. (i.e. IgG - gamma ______
or IgA - alpha ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Important features of Ig Isotypes
1. Placental passage
2. Presence in secretions
3. Activation of complement
4. Opsonization activity
5. Neutralizing activity
6. Allergic activity
7. Not in serum |
|
Definition
1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgG and IgM
4. IgG and IgM
5. IgG, IgA and IgM
6. IgE
7. IgD |
|
|
Term
Human Immunoglobulin Loci
1. Heavy Chain
2. Light chain |
|
Definition
1. Contains V, D, J and C.
2. Contains V, J, and C. No D region in light chain gene. |
|
|
Term
| CDR3 (Hyper variable region) found in this region of both the heavy and light chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End product of each chain has ____ of each domain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mu heavy chain polypeptide combines with kappa chain polypeptide to make IgM. IgM expressed on the surface which makes an immature B cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variable domain does NOT change. The only thing that changes is the constant region of the heavy chain (C region). |
|
|
Term
| Ig Class Change needs ______ to switch classes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of antibody diversity |
|
Definition
Combinatorial diversity (Combining V, D and J)
Junctional diversity - Recombination between V D and J is not precise. Gives N-nucleotide additions )N-region diversity)
Assorted heavy and light chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
1 Constant and 1 Variable in each chain.
Associated with CD3.
- 2 epsilon chains
- delta chain
- 1 gamma chain
2 zeta chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Beta chain is just like the heavy chain for Ig - VDJC
Alpha chain is just like light chain of Ig - VJC (no D) |
|
|
