Term
| Major cell type of ACUTE inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| Major cell type of chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes (B and T), Monocytes, NKCs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Physical barriers such as skin, saliva, mucus, tears. Phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils). NK cells for cytotoxicity. |
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Term
| Complements for innate immune system: |
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Definition
Alternative and lectin pathways.
MAC |
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Term
| Properties of innate immune system |
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Definition
Non specific
Fast
Limited diversity
No memory
Primitive
Reliable (no self attack) |
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Term
| Properties of Adaptive immune system |
|
Definition
Slow
Diverse
Specific
Memory
Specialized (found in early vertebrates) |
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Term
| Adaptive immune system major players: |
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Definition
B Cells (secretes immunoglobulin IgG) - HUMORAL!
T cells recognize T Cell receptor
All cells have MHC |
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Term
| Three complement cascades |
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Definition
Classical (C1, C4, C2, C3) (Requires Ab)
Alternate (properdin)
Mannose binding Lectin or LECTIN - uses MBL to initiate the pathway |
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Term
| All three complement cascades will result in the formation of a |
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Definition
C3 and C5 convertases.
After C5 convertase is made the terminal pathway is the same for all three |
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Term
| Activation of the classical complement pathway |
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Definition
C1 complex - Ab binding to microbe.
Proceeds to C4b2b3b C5 convertase |
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Term
| Activation of the alternative pathway |
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Definition
Anything that hydrolyzes C3 (cellophane, plasmin, venom etc)
Proceeds with C3bBb3b + properdin as C5 convertase |
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Term
| Activation of Lectin pathway |
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Definition
| MBL initiates - binds to bacterial surface protein (only difference from Classical pathway). |
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Term
| Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) parts |
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Definition
| C5b, 6, 7, 8, and 9. C9 forms the pore that causes lysis of the cell. |
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells express |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Subtypes of Helper T Cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TCR Binds to MHC Plus Peptide. CD4/CD8 molecule will bind separately to the MHC molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of CD4 T cells |
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Definition
2 signals:
1st if TCR with MHC + peptide complex.
Next is CD28 + B7 interaction.
YOU NEED THIS 2nd INTERACTION FOR THE CELL TO BE ACTIVATED |
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Term
| Active CD4 T cell activates: |
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Definition
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Term
| When CD4 T cells activates B Cells, CD4 T cells secrete |
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Definition
| Specific cytokines which cause the class switch of Antibodies in the B cell |
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Term
| CD8 positive T cells bind to: |
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Definition
| Infected Cell, and kill it. Release enzymes that create membrane pores --> apoptosis of target cell |
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Term
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Definition
2 light chains, 2 heavy chains.
Light chains either LAMBDA or KAPPA.
Both light chains will always be the SAME.
Both heavy chains will be the SAME. |
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Term
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Definition
Secretory.
Present in nasal secretions, tears, and milk. (only one that passes through epithelial membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
Main Ab secreted in a 2nd immune reaction. (Involved in activation of classical pathway)
CROSSES PLACENTA |
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Term
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Definition
Pentamer.
Both SURFACE AND SECRETORY.
Most prominent in FIRST primary immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound ONLY (Is the B Cell receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
Main Ab in type I hypersensitivity.
Allergic RXN, binds to basophils and mast cells.
Plays a role against PARASITES. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Between 2 different species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type I Diabetes is Type ____ Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity are all mediated by |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I Hypersensitivity mediated by |
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Definition
| IgE --> Mast Cell (histamine) |
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Term
| Type II hypersensitivity mediated by |
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Definition
| IgG or IgM bound to host cells. (phagocytic activity) |
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Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity mediated by |
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Definition
| IgG or IgM Immune Complex. (phagocytic activity) |
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Term
| type IV hypersensitivity mediated by |
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Definition
| Activation of CD4 and CD8 T Cells (macrophage activation --> lysis) |
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Term
| Basic functions of the kidney |
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Definition
Filtration into the renal tubules.
Reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries.
Secretion back into tubules from peritubular capillaries.
SUM of all of these that gives the amount of a specific solute that is going to be excreted. |
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Term
| Late distal and cortical collecting tubule Under ____ control |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell types of the Late Distal and Cortical Collecting tubule |
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Definition
| Principal Cells and Intercalated Cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Reabsorption of Sodium (water follows)
Secretes potassium back into renal tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
Reabsorb Bicarbonate and potassium into capillaries.
Also secrete HYDROGEN. |
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Term
| Principal Cells are sensitive to: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sodium REABSORPTION and potassium SECRETION |
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Term
| Other Hormone that acts in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules: |
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Definition
| ADH. Released upon increases in osmolarity (osmoreceptors). Synthesized in hypothalamus, Released by Posterior pituitary - aids in reabsorption of water. |
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Term
| Ascneding - Thin Loop if Henle, Thick loop of Henle, and Early Distal Tubule are _____ impermeable to water |
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Definition
| ALWAYS. I.E. NOT sensitive to ADH. |
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Term
| In presence of ADH - these parts of the tubule are permeable to water |
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Definition
| Late distal, cortical collecting tubule, medullary collecting tubule. |
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Term
| When ADH is absent, these areas are impermeable to water: |
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Definition
| All regions after the descending thin tubule. (Dilute Urine, no water reabsorption. |
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Term
| Late Distal and Cortical Collecting Tubules affect _____ reabsorption |
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Definition
Potassium. High potassium diet leads to more potassium secretion back into the renal tubules.
Low potassium diet - leads to more reabsorption of potassium back into capillaries.
Principle cells secrete potassium back into the tubules, intercalated Cells reabsorb potassium back into the capillaries.. |
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Term
| PTH Acts on this region to stimulate Calcium reabsorption |
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Definition
| Late distal, (thick ascending limb), distal tubules |
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Term
| 2/3 of calcium absorbed in the _____, like just about everything else, but 1/3 is reabsorbed in the ______ |
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Definition
| Proximal tubules, late distal tubule (thick ascending limb) (PTH) |
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Term
| Phosphate reabsorbed completely in the _______ |
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Definition
| proximal tubule (PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate Calcium reabsorption, decrease phosphate reabsorption |
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Term
| Kidney Regulation of Acid levels: (3 mechanisms) |
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Definition
Secrete H+
Reabsorb Bicarbonate
Produce Bicarbonate |
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Term
| All bicarbonate reabsorption requires: |
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Definition
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Term
| Bicarb reabsorption/hydrogen secretion is mostly occuring in the |
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Definition
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Term
| All inulin filtered is eventually |
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Definition
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Term
| Inulin Clearance rate is ______ which is exactly what the glomerular filtration rate |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal clearance rate less than inulin (125) than it neans some of that solute is being ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal clearance rate greater than inulin (125) than it neans some of that solute is being ______ back into the renal tubule |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Spermatogenesis - LH acts on the _______ to secrete __________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Testosterone becomes systemic and negatively feedbacks on ______ production |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Testosterone stimulates ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| FSH acts on ______ and stimulates the Process of _______ |
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Definition
Sertoli Cells
spermatogenesis |
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Term
| Follicular Cycle - Thecal cells stimulated by _____ to produce ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Androgens diffuse into ______ cells under FSH stimulation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Under FSH stimulation the granulosa cells convert androgens into _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Estrogen positively feeds back on _________ to make more FSH receptor cells and make them more responsive to FSH |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Acute glomerular nephritis and Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) are _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Main cause of acute glomerular nephritis is _________ |
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Definition
| streptococcal infection - circulating antibody immune complexes that block filtration and cause inflammatory RXNs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Continuous necrosis of cells |
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Term
| Both ischemic and nephrotoxic ATN will form _______ |
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Definition
| casts (necrotic cell debris lodges in distal portions of tubule) |
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Term
| % of GFR of chronic renal failure |
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Definition
| GFR less than 20-25% of normal |
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Term
| END STAGE renal disease (needs kidney transplant or dialysis), % of GFR: |
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Definition
| GFR is less than 5% of normal |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of chronic glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| Begins with precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes - inflammation - thick membranes - fibrosis - decreased glomerular filtration coefficient. Can lead to nephrotic syndrome. |
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Term
| Chronic obstructive pyelonephritis pathogenesis |
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Definition
| Due to bacterial infection - injury to renal interstitial tissue (bacteria that has traveled from the bladder) - UTI |
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Term
| Chronic renal diseases lead to abnormal _____ function |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal nephron functions: |
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Definition
| loss of water and electrolyte balance, decreased waste product excretion, uremia, anemia, osteomalacia |
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Term
| 3 primary zones of the prostate gland |
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Definition
| Central Zone, transitional zone, peripheral zone |
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Term
| BPH nodules form in the ______ |
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Definition
| central zone and transitional zone |
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Term
| Prostate cancer nodules develop in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathophysiology of BPH - main Stimulus is |
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Definition
| testosterone - converted to DHT in stromal cells, binds to testosterone receptor and stimulates growth, as well as stimulating growth in epithelial cells |
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Term
| Endometriosis - regurgitation theory |
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Definition
| Retrograde menstruation therough the fallopian tubes |
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Term
| Endometriosis - metaplastic theory |
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Definition
| Endometrium arises from originating tissue (skeletal muscle?) |
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Term
| Endometriosis - dissemination theory |
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Definition
| Endometrial cells spread via blood and lymphatics |
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Term
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Definition
| HTN, weight gain, potein in urine, edema, arterial spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Only when seizures are present |
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Term
| Primary cause of tozemia (preeclampsia/eclampsia) |
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Definition
| Blastocyst does not trigger normal placental formation - inschemia - HTN in mom, coagulation of vessels |
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Term
| Carcinomas spread through |
|
Definition
| lymphatics (usually, but can also go through blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood (usually, but can also go through lymphatics |
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Term
| Oncogenes (growth promoting) |
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Definition
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Term
| Tumor suppressing genes (growth inhibiting) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| G protein. When mutated (oncogene now, no longer a protooncogene) it continuously is bound to GTP stimulating MAP Kinase growth cascade and transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that act in cell cycle progression |
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Term
| Cyclins and CDKs act ______ |
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Definition
| together, Individually they will not function |
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Term
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Definition
| G1 to S phase of cell cycle (site of most dysregulation in many tumors) |
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Term
| Cyclin D / CD4K complex regulates this protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear protein - active when it is HYPOphosphorylated. Main function is a break between G1 and S phase - i.e. it prevents cell cycle progression. So when HYPERphosphorylated it allows cell cycle to progress |
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Term
| Rb protein is active when ______ and has this effect: |
|
Definition
HYPOphosphorylated
prevents cell cycle progression by binding E2F and prevents E2F from stimulating transcription of the gene |
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Term
| Cyclin D/ CDK4's main job is to |
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Definition
| Phosphorylate Rb (thereby inactivating it) which allows gene transcription and thus growth |
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Term
| Need _____ copies of mutated Rb gene in order to get Rb cancer formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Familial form of Rb cancer |
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Definition
| Born with one mutated gene, something in life triggers mutation of 2nd normal copy - tumor formation |
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Term
| Sporadic form of Rb cancer |
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Definition
| Born with 2 normal copies of the gene and have 2 separate mutation events that occur - leads to tumor formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main tumor suppressor gene (molecular police man). When DNA is damages P53 triggers P21 to stop cell cycle progression - next it triggers GAD 45 to repair DNA damage - if can't be repaired it triggers bax for apoptosis |
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Term
| BRCA1 and BRCA2 are primarily _______ |
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Definition
| DNA repair genes. Primarily involved in breast cancer - regulating estrogen receptor activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Apoptosis Inhibitor (balance with bax) |
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Term
| Telomeres ______ with each mitotic event |
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Definition
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Term
| Bcl-2 mutations usually found in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Germ cells and Stem Cells have _______ which replaces telomeres and prevents them from shortening too much (unlimited # of replications) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| For chemical carcinogenesis we need these 2 events to occur: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Need an extended amount of _______ after initiation to trigger tumor formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Promotion is _____ while Initiation is ________ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Involved in Burkitt lymphoma. Effects primarily B Cells.
Mutation of oncogene MYC.
Translocation between chromosome 8 and 14. |
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Term
| Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 |
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Definition
| Transmitted by sexual intercourse or blood transfusions. |
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Term
| Tumor specific shared antigens (host defense against tumors) |
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Definition
| MAGE family of genes normally silent, but expressed in tumor cells |
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Term
| Mutated self-protein (host defense against tumors) |
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Definition
| Carcinogens mutate various self proteins |
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Term
| Antigens resulting from mutant oncogenes (host defense against tumors) |
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Definition
| Mutants present only in tumor cells - does not occur naturally |
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Term
| Overexpressed Antigens (host defense against tumor) |
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Definition
| Present in both normal and tumor cells |
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Term
| Viral antigens (host defense against tumor) |
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Definition
| Viral genes (oncogenes) expressed in tumor cells |
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Term
| Natural Killer Cells recognize __________ to attack tumors |
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Definition
| a lack of MHC I and ALSO Antibodies bound to tumor cells (through ADCC) |
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Term
| Cytotoxic (CD8) T Cells will recognize _________ to attack tumor cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophages can be activated to attack ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens on the surface of the ________ cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ______ Immune cells can play a role in getting rid of tumor cells |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T - Tumor size (1-4)
N - Lymph node involvement (0-3)
M - Metastase (0-2) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Most common risk factor for prematurity |
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Definition
Preterm premature rupture of placental membranes (PPROM)
Next highest is Intrauterine Infections |
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Term
| FETAL Risk Factor for Fteal Growth Restriction |
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Definition
| All is normal except for something inside the fetus (chromosomal, congenital infections, congenital malformations). Causes SYMMETRICAL fetal growth restriction. |
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Term
| PLACENTAL Risk Factor for Fteal Growth Restriction |
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Definition
Produces ASYMMETRIC FGR. (Brain is spared)
Low blood supply to placenta. |
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Term
| MATERNAL Risk Factor for Fteal Growth Restriction |
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Definition
| Most common cause of FGR. Caused by HTN or toxemia, drug abuse, alcoholism, smoking, malnutrition etc. |
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Term
| Transcervical (ascending) perinatal infections (bacterial) |
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Definition
| Fetus acquires infection via amniotic fluid or infected birth canal. Associated with inflammation of placental membranes and umbilical cord. |
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Term
| Transplacental (Hematologic) Perinatal Infection (Viral) |
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Definition
| Spread through the blood. |
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Term
TORCH Infections cause:
(TORCH is Toxoplasma, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus) |
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Definition
| Conjunctivitis, chorioretinitis, small eyes, cataract, brain calcifications, pneumonia, hepatitis, jaundice etc. |
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Term
| Major cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress |
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Definition
| Respiraory Distress Syndrome (RDS) (hyaline membrane disease) |
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Term
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress main problem: |
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Definition
| Infant is not synthesizing sufficient surfactant in the lungs - collapse of the alveoli - hypoxemia - CO2 retention |
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Term
|
Definition
| General edema of the fetus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Severe progressive fluid accumulation that can be lethal |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) - Blood incompatibility between mother and fetus. Typical in subsequent pregnancies. First RXN is IgM produced by mother (cannot cross placenta), 2nd RXN is IgG (which CAN cross placenta).
Causes ANEMIA (leads to edema) - and high bilirubin in infant (jaundice). Jaundice can get into brain and cause KERNICTERUS! |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by cardiovascular defects, chromosomal, or fetal anemia (All NON-Immune) |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack oh phenylalanine hydroxylase - high blood phenylalanine |
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|
Term
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Brain stem abnormality - arcuate nucleus - no arousal response for cardiorespiratory control during sleep. |
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Term
| 3 most common benign tumors in infants |
|
Definition
| Hemangiomas, Lymphangiomas, Saccrococcygeal Teratomas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skin/face tumors. Flat to elevated irregular red/blue masses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic counterpart of hemangiomas. Cavernous spaces lined by endothelial cells surrounded by lymphoid aggregates. |
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|
Term
| Saccrococcygeal Teratomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form in blood tissue, neural tissue, and soft tissues. Most common in childhood is neuroblastoma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms anywhere along the sympathetic chain, most commonly along the adrenal medulla. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common childhood eye tumor (posterior retina tumor). Fatal if not treated early. |
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Term
|
Definition
| IgE Dependent degranulation of the mast cells. TYPE I Hypersensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
most commonly allergic contact dermatitis (poison ivy, laundry detergent etc.)
TYPE IV Hypersensitivity! (i.e. T Cell mediated) |
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Term
|
Definition
Most common CHRONIC Inflammatory Dermatitis. T Cell mediated (i.e. Type IV).
Increased keratinocyte proliferation. Silver white scales. |
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Term
| 3 types of Blistering diseases |
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Definition
| SubCORNEAL, supraBASAL, subEPIDERMAL |
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|
Term
| Subepidermal blister has ______ skin covering |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Subcorneal blister has ________ skin covering |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pemphigous Vulgaris Affected people produce autoantibodies for |
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Definition
| desmoglein-3. Type II Hypersensitivity RXN. (Remember, Type II is an Ab against a SPECIFIC protein) |
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Term
| Pemphigous Vulgaris is a _______ disease |
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Definition
| Supabasal. It can be fatal |
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Term
| Bullous Pemphigoid is ______ disease. |
|
Definition
autoimmune, Type II Hypersensitivity. Also it is subepidural (thick skin).
It creates Ab against hemidesmosomes in basal cell basement membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial/complete loss of pigment producing melanocytes within epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sun exposure tumor. Slow growing, rarely metastisize. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2nd most common skin tumor from sun. Some can be invasive and have higher malignancy than basal cell carcinomas. |
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|
Term
| Nevocellular (melanocytic) nevus (pigmented mole) |
|
Definition
| Round, regular borders, brown, small, relatively flat |
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|
Term
| JUNCTIONAL pigmented moles |
|
Definition
| Flat, symmetric, uniform, small. Nests of cells at dermal.epidermal junction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Raised dome, but still uniformly shaped and colored. Nests and cords of cells that get into the DERMAL layer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Darker in center, lighter in periphery, fibrotic plaques. Can be PRE CANCEROUS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Larger, irregularly shaped, multicolored |
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|
Term
| Spindle Cell dominant melanoma of the eye |
|
Definition
| not as aggressive, do not tend to metastisize |
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|
Term
| Epithelioid dominant melanoma of the eye |
|
Definition
| More aggressive than spindle, metastisize |
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Term
| Embryo most susceptible to teratogens during this time period: |
|
Definition
| Week 3 to week 9 (organogenesis) |
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|
Term
| Reduced susceptibility to teratogens during this period: |
|
Definition
| Fetal period (week 10 to birth) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Polydactyly (extradigits) and fusion of digits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oligohydramnios (fetal compression) could be due to maternal toxemia or HTN |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single causative factor that affects multiple tissues. factor could be chromosomal or viral. |
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