Term
| where can you find nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the body? |
|
Definition
| NMJ, and autonomic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of interleukins 1-5? |
|
Definition
IL-1: Fever
IL-2: Induce T-cell proliferation
IL-3: Promote bone marrow stimulation
IL-4: Induce B cells--> IgE, IgG
IL-5: Induce B cells--> IgA, eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What changes in sleep patterns and sexual anatomy are seen in the elderly? |
|
Definition
decreased REM
decreased slow wave sleep
increased sleep latency
increased night time awakenings |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between delirium and dementia? Which on is more commonly reversible? |
|
Definition
Delirium is reversible, rapid onset, includes alterations in consciousness
Dementia is irreversible, usually progressive slow onset, no alterations in consciousness |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
From outer to inner
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basalis |
|
|
Term
| Where would you expect to find B cells and T cells in the spleen? In the lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
Spleen: B cells= follicles
Tcells= PALS (Periarterial lymphatic sheath)
Lymph nodes: B cells= follicles
Tcells= pericortex |
|
|
Term
| What structures arise from the paramesonephric ducts? |
|
Definition
| Fallopian tube, uterus, upper portion of vagina |
|
|
Term
| What changes in sexual anatomy are seen in the elderly? |
|
Definition
Males: slower erection/ ejaculation
Longer refractory period
Females: atrophic vaginitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the different mechanisms by which heart contractility can be increased? |
|
Definition
Catecholamines (stress, exercise)
Increased intracellular Ca
Decreased intracellular Na
Digoxin |
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Smudge cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Port-wine stain on ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
S3 heart sound |
|
Definition
Dilated cardiomyopathy
LV failure
Mitral regurg
L-->R shunt |
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Cardiac tumor in a child with tuberous sclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Adrenal hemorrhage with meningococcemia |
|
Definition
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Ferruginous bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Subepithelial humps on EM |
|
Definition
| Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Myocyte disarray |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Current jelly stool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Sacroilitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What pathology:
Adverse reaction from mixing succinylcholine with inhaled anesthetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
First dose orthostatic hypotension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Hypertrichosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Cyanide toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Dry mouth, sedation, severe rebound HTN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Bradycardia, impotence, asthma exacerbation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Reflex tachycardia |
|
Definition
| Nitrates, CCBs, minoxidil |
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Metabolic alkylosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Elevated antihistone antibodies |
|
Definition
| Hydralazine (drug induced lupus) |
|
|
Term
Which antihypertensive drug had the following SE:
Hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
PSA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
AFP |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumors |
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
CA-125 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
Elevated alk-phos |
|
Definition
| Paget's disease Mets to bone Biliary disease |
|
|
Term
| What pathology is a/w the following tumor marker: CEA |
|
Definition
| Colon cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
bhCG |
|
Definition
| choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole |
|
|
Term
What cancers are associated with the following tumor marker:
S-100 |
|
Definition
| Melanoma, astrocytoma, some neural tumors |
|
|
Term
| What structures are at risk for injury with anterior shoulder dislocation |
|
Definition
| Axillary nerve Posterior circumflex artery Glenoid labrum Supraspinatus tendon Anterior glenohumeral ligament Posterolateral humeral head |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting step in purine synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Glutamine PRPP aminotrasferase |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting step in pyrimadine synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs should not be given to patients with sulfa allergy? |
|
Definition
| Celecoxib, furosemide, thiazides, acetazolamide, probenecid, sulfonamide abx, sulfonylureas, sulfasalazine |
|
|
Term
| Which hypothalamic nucleus is involved in ovulation |
|
Definition
| arcuate nucleus releases GnRH |
|
|
Term
| When does basal body temperature increase in relation to ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Excess unopposed estrogen is the main risk factor |
|
Definition
| Endometrial hyperplasia/ Endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Menorrhagia with an enlarged uterus and and no pelvic pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Pelvic pain that is present only during menstruation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Diagnosed by endometrial biopsy in clinic |
|
Definition
| Endometrial hyperplasia/ Endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Definitive diagnosis and treatment is by laproscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Menstruating tissue within the myometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Malignant tumor of the uterine smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What uterine pathology:
Most common gynecological malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between placenta previa, accreta, and abruptio? |
|
Definition
Abruptio: premature detachment of the placenta; painful bleeding
Previa: abnormal placentation to the lower uterine segment; painless bleeding
Accreta: defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to the myometrium; massive bleeding after delivery |
|
|
Term
| For what is a pregnant woman with a previous C section is at risk? |
|
Definition
| Placenta previa, placenta accreta (due to scarring) |
|
|
Term
| A pregnant woman at 16 weeks of gestation presents with an atypically large abdomen and hypertension. What abnormality may be seen on the blood test, what is the dx? |
|
Definition
| Excessively elevated beta-hCG; Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| What substance is present in high levels in hydatidiform mole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 15 year old female patient of yours that normally comes in with her parents presents alone this time. She states that she is sexually active but knows that she is not pregnant because she has never menstruated. What would be the most appropriate next step in managing this patient |
|
Definition
Assess for delayed puberty
Educate on safe sex, and that it is possible to get pregnant before first period
Offer birth control |
|
|
Term
| A 23 year old female who is on rifampin for TB prophylaxis and birth control gets pregnant. Why? |
|
Definition
| Rifampin induce p450 so the OCPs are metabolized faster, therefore less effective |
|
|
Term
| What is the best option for birth control in a mentally retarded patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Most common breast tumor in women under 25 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Most common breast mass in postmenopausal women |
|
Definition
| Invasive ductal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Most common breast mass in premenopausal women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Most common form of breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Small, mobile, firm mass in 24 year old woman |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Histological leaf-like projections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Signet ring cells |
|
Definition
| Lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive lobular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Loss of e-cadherin cell adhesion gene on chromosome 16 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Always ER+ and PR+ |
|
Definition
| Lobular carcinoma in situ |
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Commonly presents with nipple discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Eczematous patches on nipple |
|
Definition
| Paget's disease of the nipple |
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Multiple bilateral fluid filled lesions with diffuse breast pain |
|
Definition
| cystic fibrocystic disease |
|
|
Term
What breast pathology fits the following:
Firm, fibrous mass in a 55 year old woman |
|
Definition
| Invasive ductal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the target cells of LH |
|
Definition
| Theca cells, Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells respond to FSH |
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells (male), Granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Production of thick mucus that inhibits entry of sperm into the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Induces LH surge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Uterine smooth muscle relaxation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Follicle growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Maintenance of pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Hepatic synthesis of transport proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
State whether the following agent describes estrogen or progesterone:
Withdrawal leads to menstruation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug would you give to inhibit prolactin secretion |
|
Definition
| Dopamine agonist (bromocriptine, cabergoline) |
|
|
Term
| When does b-hCG appear in the urine during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormonal changes are seen during menopause? |
|
Definition
Decreased estrogen
Elevated LH
Elevated FSH
Elevated GnRH |
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying cause of PCOS? What are the clinical manifestations and treatment |
|
Definition
Elevated LH production;
enlarged cystic ovaries, hirsutism, obesity, infertility, amenorrhea
Tx: weight reduction, OCPs, medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, clomiphene (for women who want to get pregnant) |
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor produces AFP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor secretes estrogen causing precocious puberty? |
|
Definition
| Granulosa theca cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor is characterized by intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor secretes testosterone causing virilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor is characterized psammoma bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor includes multiple different tissue types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor is lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What ovarian tumor:
Ascites + hydrothorax + ovarian tumor |
|
Definition
| Meigs' Syndrome (fibromas) |
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor is characterized by Call-Exner bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor resembles bladder epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ovarian tumor is characterized by elevated Beta-hCG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma? |
|
Definition
elevated estrogen
PCOS, obesity, estrogen secreting tumor, HRT, age, endometrial hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for ovarian carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Ovulation,early menarche, late pregnancy, late menopause |
|
|
