Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lower thabn normal concentration of sodium in the blood, which can occur with a net sodium loss or net water excess. As sodium loss continues, the body continues to preserve the blood and interstersticial, lab results will be below 135 |
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Term
| Intracellular Fluid ( ICF) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| is when both sides of the membrane are in equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| _ refers to giving medications or fluids (solutions) through a needle or tube inserted into a vein, which allows immediate access to the blood supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| _ is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. There is an increase in hydrogen ion production and is characterized by a pH below 7.35 and a bicarbonate level below 22 mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
is a pH imbalance that occurs when the body accumulates too much of an alkaline substance, such as bicarbonate, and does not have enough acid to effectively neutralize the effects of the alkali. The body has more base than acid in the system There is a decrease in hydrogen ion production, characterized by a blood pH above 7.45 and accompanied by a bicarbonate level above 26
mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space |
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Term
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Definition
| minerals and salts contained in water moving throughout the compartments of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when imbalance is present in one or all of the following: Sodium, Potassium,Calcium, Magnesium, and Chloride |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients given in the GI tract. Preferred method of meeting nutritional needs if clients GI tract is functioning by providing physiological, safe, and economical nutritional support. |
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Term
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
all the fluid outside the cell, which is
divided into three smaller compartments: interstitial fluid,
intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 90% primarily extracellular, regulated by dietary intake and aldosterone secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
maintain fluid balance, H2o balance & the effect of serum osmolarity.
RDA 500mg NaCl/day.
maintain acid base balance
acts as a buffer base. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
< 136 mEq/L
Normal 136-145mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
| Na+ deficits: excessive diaphoresis, diuretics, wound drainage, renal disease, hyperlipidemia, dec. secretion of aldosterone. |
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Term
| hyponatremia: manifestations |
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Definition
does not appear until Na+ <125mEq/L.
pt. having acute dec. in serum Na levels have higher mortality rates than a PT. who more slowly develops hyponatremia.
early s/s: HA, faintness & giddiness
s/s changes in LOC, weakness in the muscle, decrease in dia. BP, severe hypotension, inc. urinary output. |
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Term
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Definition
*priority NI, monitoring the Pt. response to Tx to prevent hypernatremia & fluid overload.
fluid deficit: IV solutions
fluid excess: osmotic diuretics.
encourage intake of foods c high Na.
SIADH = fluid restriction (fluid restriction 1000ml-1200w 24hrs) |
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Term
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Definition
sodium > 145mEq/L
normal 136-145mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperaldosteronism, renal failure, corticosteroids, cushing's syndrome; excess intake of Na, excessive intake of Na-containing IV fluids |
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Term
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Definition
- priority: monitor the Pt. responce to therapy & prevent hyponatremia & dehydration.
- offer pt. fluids hourly - 6-8 8oz glasses daily.
- monitor Na+ I&O |
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Term
| Hypernatremia manifestation |
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Definition
| c/o thirsty, dry skin, rough red tonge, dry sticky mucos membranes, fever, muscle twitching, distended neck veins. |
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Term
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Definition
3.5-5mEq/L
found primarily intracellular. |
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Term
| Potassium (K): FxN and elimination |
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Definition
| maintain normal HR, transmission and condition of nerve impulses, contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle, excreted by the kidneys. regulation of protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
<3.5 mEq/L
normal 3.5-5mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids; D.V. and wound drainage, prolonged NG suction,, inadequate intake of K, NPO status, excess heath--> diaphorosis. |
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Term
| Hypokalemia: relative K+ deficits |
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Definition
| alkalosis, hyperinsulinism, hyeralimentation, TPN, excessive diaphoresis,, H2O intoxication, IV Tx c inadequate K+ solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
early s/s: hypotension, lethargy, mental confusion, muscle weakness.
variable P rate, EKG changes, irregular HR, shallow breaths, diminished breath sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
K+ supplements, uses K+ sparing diuretics.
infusion device MUST be used and NO FASTER than 5-10mEq/L. |
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Term
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Definition
bananas
cantaloupe
kiwi
oranges
avocados
broccoli
dry beans
peas
mushrooms
soy bean
potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
> 5mEq/L
normal: 3.5-5mEq/L |
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Term
| hyperkalemia: manifestations |
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Definition
irregular and bradycardia, hypotension,hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea.
early stage: muscle twitching, tingling & burning sensation followed by numbness in hands.
late s/s: muscle weakness in hands and legs by flaccid paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
priority: monitor cardiac status, safety, response to therapy and health teachings.
Rx: Lasix to Pt. /c normal renal FxN.
renal given Kayexalate. |
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Term
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Definition
9.0-10.5mg/L
most frequently preformed labs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| calcium FxN & Elimination. |
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Definition
bone strength & density
skeletal & cardiac muscle contraction
nerve impulse transmission
blood clotting
activates enzymes
excreted in the urine and feces
stored in the bones |
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Term
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Definition
total serum ca+ level <9.0mg/dL
normal 9.0-10.5mg/dL |
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Term
Hypocalcemia: etiology
actual calcium deficits |
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Definition
| inadequate intake, lactose intolerance, malabsorption syndromes, ESRD, renal failure. |
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Term
Hypocalcemia: etiology
relative ca+ deficits |
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Definition
| hyperproteinemia, alkalosis, immobility, acute pancreatitis. |
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Term
| hypocalcemia: manifestations |
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Definition
| arrythmias, thready pulse, severe hypotension, muscle spaisms, osteoporosis, dec. bone density, positive chvostek's sign, trousseau's sign. |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of facial muscles response to tap over facial nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| carpal spasms induced by inflating BP cuff on arm above systolic BP 3 min spasms r/t inc. neuromuscular activity. |
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Term
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Definition
Ca+ replacement PO or IV Rx that enhance absorption (aluminum hydroxide & vitamin D).
monitor airway, as laryngeal stridor can occur, seizure precautions, edu. osteoporosis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
total serum Ca+ >10.5
normal 9.0-10.5mg/dL |
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Term
hypercalcemia: etiology
actual ca+ excesses |
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Definition
| excessive intake of calcium or vitamin d, renal failure, use of thiazide diuretics (HZTZ) |
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Term
hypercalcemia: etiology
relative ca+ excesses |
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Definition
| hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, hyperthyroidism, immobility, use glucocorticoids, hemoconcertration c dehydration. |
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Term
| hypercalcemia: manifestations |
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Definition
| inc. HR&BP, depression of electrical conduction slowing the HR, muscle weakness, ALOC, lethargy & coma, decreased peristalsis, hyperactive bowel sounds, N., abd. distention, constipation. |
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Term
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Definition
fluid replacement NS
mobilize pt asap.
force fluid to eliminate Ca+ & prevent renal calculi.
Rx: Ph+, ASA
v/s
check cap refill
assess LOC.
cranberry juice keeps urine acid- low pH favors Ca+ solubility. |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphorus 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
found in bones, regulated by diet intake, renal excretion, intestinal absorption, and PTH. |
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Term
| Phosphorus/phosphate: fXn and elimination |
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Definition
needed for activating b-complex vitamins, forming & activating ATP, cell divsion, CHO PRO & Fat metabolism.
FxN of muscle, RBC & nervous system
deposited c Ca+ in the bones and teeth |
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Term
| when PO4 (phosphorus)level is high, Ca+ is.. |
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Definition
| low, inverse relationship. |
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Term
| when Ca+ level is high, PO4 is.. |
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Definition
| low, inverse relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
<3.0mg/dL
normal 3.0-4.5mg/dL |
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Term
| hypophosphatemia: etiology |
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Definition
| malnutrition, starvation, use of aluminum hydroxide-base antacids and Mg based antacids, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, renal failure, hyperalimentation, resp. alkalosis, uncontrolled DM, hyperglycemia, ETOH |
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Term
| hypophosphatemia: manifestations |
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Definition
| Dec. CO, peripheral pulses are slow, shallow resp., muscle weakness, dec. tendon reflexes, dec. bone density, confusion, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
foods c high PO4:
fish, beef, chicken, nuts, whole-grain breads&cereal.
PO replacements
IV Ph if Ph fall < 1mg/dL |
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Term
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Definition
>4.5mg/dL
normal 3.0-4.5mg/dL |
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Term
| hyperphosphatemia: etiology |
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Definition
reduce renal Ph excretion r/t renal failure
shift of pH from the intracellular space into ECF r/t lysis of tumor cells i.e. secondary to chemotherapy
high Ph intake or hypocalcemia. |
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Term
| hyperphosphatemia: manifestations |
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Definition
s/s of hypocalcemia & tetany, numbness 7 muscle spasms.
long term - soft tissue calcification |
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Term
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Definition
1.3-2.1mEq/L
second most abundant intracellular ion |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal musclar contractions
ATP formation
vitamin activation
CHO metabolism
cell growth & coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
<1.3mEq/L
normal 1.3-2.1mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient Mg intake: malnutrition, starvation, d., steatorrhea, crohn's & celiac dez. |
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Term
| hypomagnesemia: mainfestations |
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Definition
| dysrhytmias, HTN< anorexia, N. abd distention, dec. bowel sounds, shallow resp. hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, numbness &tingling. |
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Term
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Definition
Mg is replaced c MgSO4, oral Mg can cause D. & worsen the problem.
d/c Rx that promotes Mg loss e.g. loopdiuretics &aminoglycoside. |
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Term
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Definition
| tuna, raisins, beef, pork, milk, peanut butter, avocado, peas, spinach, potatoes, nuts, legumes. |
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Term
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Definition
>2.1mEq/L
normal 1.3-2.1mEq/L |
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Term
| hypermagnesemia: etiology |
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Definition
| excessive Mg intake c renal insuficiencyor failure. elderly are more prone because of inc. intake antacids & dec. renal function, almost the use of Mg+ salts. |
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Term
| hypermagnesemia: manifestations |
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Definition
| bradycardia, peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, drowsy, lethargic, coma, deep tendon reflexes are dec. or absent, weakness. |
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Term
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Definition
d/c Rx /cMg, administer loop diuretics
HD pt. if pt has renal failure.
dietary restrictions. |
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Term
| hypermagnesemia: food to advoid |
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Definition
| meat, nuts, legumes, fish |
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Term
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Definition
Cl 98-106mEq/L
80% of Cl in ECF |
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Term
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Definition
regulation of H2O
production of HCL needed for digestion
Maintenance of pH |
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Term
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Definition
<98mEq/dL
normal 98-106meq/dL |
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Term
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Definition
D.V.
diaphoretic
GI suctioning
diuretics
dec. intake |
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Term
| hypochloremia: mainfestations |
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Definition
hypoventilation
tetany
restlessness
confustion
convulsions
paresthsia of extremities |
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Term
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Definition
assess labs
encourage high NA+ foods
Rx: anti-emetics & foods
Rx: anti-emetics & diarrheal
d/c the use of diuretics. |
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Term
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Definition
> 106mEq/L
normal: 98-106mEq/L |
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Term
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Definition
very rare disorder
may occure c dehydration, bicarbonate deficieny, hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis. |
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Term
| hyperchloremia: manifestations |
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Definition
hyperventilation
hypotension
dec. CO
HA
lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
correct the fluid balance: IV hydrations and replace bicarbonate /c Nas bicarb
continually monitor LOC and labs. |
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