Term
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Definition
1- Incisors (cut food)
2- Canines (tear food)
3- Premolars (Grind food)
4- Molars (Grind food) |
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Term
| Three pairs of large salivary glands: |
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Definition
1- Parotid salivary gland - angle between ear and back of lower jawbone
2- Submandibular Salivary Glands - Inside and forward of parotid salivary glands
3- Sublingual - beneath tounge |
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Term
| Saliva does the following |
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Definition
1- Moistens food to make it easier to chew.
2- Keeps lining of oral cavity moistened.
3- brings food in contact with taste buds. |
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Term
| Four layers of basic tube of intestinal tract. |
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Definition
1- Mucosal Layer (Epithelial cells)
2- Submucosa (glands and connective tissue)
3- Muslce layer (Makes movement possible
4- Serosa (Thin, tough layer of connective tissue) |
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Term
| Compound stomach compartments and are sometimes called forestomach. |
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Definition
1- Reticulum (Smallest part of ruminant stomach)
2- Rumen (Largest part of forestomach)
3- Omasum (Ball-shaped cavity)
4- Abomasum (Known as true stomach) VFAS
not asborbed in rumen are absorbed here. |
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Term
| Simple stomach is roughly J-shaped, and is also called monogastric stomach. |
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Definition
Simple stomach is roughly J-shaped, and is also called monogastric stomach.
1-Esophageal region
2-Cardia (near opening of esophagus)
3-Fundus (Contains most of gastric glands)
4-Body (distensible area)
5-Pyloric Antrum (grinds food and controls hydrochloric acid)
6- Pylorus (helps retain food until it is digested enough to enter small intestine.) |
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Term
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Definition
1- Stimulates productive of hydrochloric Acid and pepsin
2- Stimulates contraction of stomach muscles.
3- Decreases pyloric tone to allow food to enter small intestine. |
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Term
| Hydrochloric acid plays in digestion: |
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Definition
1- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
2- Acts as antimicrobial chemical to partially sterilize stomach
3- Further breaks down food into smaller particles |
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Term
| Small Intestine Divisions |
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Definition
1- Jejunum
2- Ileum
3- Duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastrin stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| Pepsin attacks protein molecules in food and breaks them into peptides and polypeptides. |
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Term
| Three proteins needed by all animals: |
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Definition
1] Proteins
2] Carbohydrates (Sugar and Starches)
3] Fats |
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Term
| What are proteins composed of? |
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Definition
| Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino acids that link to form peptides and again to form polypeptides. |
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Term
| What are carbs composed of? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates form monosaccharides that link to form diasaccharide that eventually form a three chain polysaccharide. |
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Term
| Triglycerides composed of |
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Definition
| Triglycerides, building blocks of fats, are composed of an alochol molecule (glycerol) bound to three fatty-acid chains |
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Term
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Definition
Proteases - break down proteins
Lipases - break fat molecules
Amylases - break down carbs |
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Term
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Definition
Cells in islets of Langerhans secrete hormones (insulin and glucagon).
Endocrine: released into blood stream.
Exocrine: secrete into lumen by secreting trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase.
Lipase = fats
Amylase = Carbs |
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Term
| Liver tissues contains an arrangement of vessels and ducts called a portal Triad. Three functions: |
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Definition
1. portal vein carries blood from intestines to liver.
2. hepatic artery carries blood from heart to liver.
3. Bile duct carries bile from liver to gallbladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cystic duct connects gallbladder to hepatic duct. Bile obstruction can lead to jaundice, called icterus, in which yellow bile accumulates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver cells called hepatocytes store glycogen that can be broken into glucose that is used by all of the body for energy. Acts as energy supply when blood sugar is low. Proteins like albumin are synthesized for secretion into the central vein. Hepatocytes also secrete bile that digests lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| break fat globules into smaller fat globules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis is cell division that results in formation of gametes. End result of meiosis is four daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetes produce Androgens, sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sertoli cells provide nutritional support and protection for developing spermatozoa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epididymis is for further maturation and storage until ejaculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spermatic cords contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and vas deferens (connect epididymis to urethra). |
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Term
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Definition
| In dogs, urethra is located in a groove of bone called the os penis. Prepuce is covering of penis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovaries contain endocrine hormones called estrogens and progestins. |
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Term
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Definition
Granulosa cells begin to multiply and produce estrogens.
After ovulation, granulosa cells form structure known as corpus luteum that secretes a group of hormones known as progestins that help maintain pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
Uterine wall composed of endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium. Labia is the lips of the vulva.
Hormones from anterior pituitary gland, FSH, and luteinizing hormone control events that occur during estrous. |
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Term
| Heat Cycles (Estrous, etc) |
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Definition
Diestrous - two per year
Polyestrous - continuously throughout year
Monoestrous - one each year
Fall and spring - polyestrous - cats, horse, sheep |
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Term
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Definition
Stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus.
Proestrus - follicle begins to develop
Metestrus - corpus luteum is formed.
Diestrus - begins when corpus is maximal size.
Anestrus - inactive reproductive state. |
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Term
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Definition
Copulation triggers release of oxytocin that causes contraction in reproductive tract. Contractions help sperm reach oviducts. Then it undergoes capacitation, process that activates spermatozoa.
Zygote undergoes cleavage. Zygote travel down oviducts. Then it develops morula, solid mass of cells. Then it becomes a blastocyst that begins as zygote reaches uterus. Blastocyst rests against endometrial lining and releases enzymes that dissolve a small depression in which it implants into. |
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Term
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Definition
Gestation is in trimesters. First trimester is zygote (now an embryo) implanted and develops. Second, now called a fetus and structure takes shape. Third, dramatic growth before birth.
Estrogen and prostaglandin levels rise and increase sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin which stimulates contraction to signal birth and birth.
Labor divided into three stages. Initial stage is uterine contractions, second is rupture of membranous sacs, third is labor and delivery of placenta.
Involution is regaining normal size after pregnacy. |
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Term
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Definition
1- dispose of metabolic waste
2- maintain water in body
3- control ph and balance body proportion of electrolytes
4- eliminate certain drugs and hormones and assist in regulating blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
1. Filtration of blood by glomerulus
2. Modification of filtrate through reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
Each kidney lies in a space called a retroperitoneal space.Cow, right kidney is cranial to the left kidney.
Cortex is composed of small tufts of capillaries called glomeruli. Medulla is kidney’s inner core and inside medulla is the renal pelvis. Is tubules that empty urine.
Mini-pelvises are called calcyes that serve same function as the pelvis. |
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Term
| Glomerular filtration rate |
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Definition
Glomerular filtration rate is approximation of renal blood flow. Creatinine is waste product of metabolism.
Antidiurectic hormone also called vasopressin helps conserve water and is secreted by posterior pituitary gland.
Sodium and potassium concentration in urine under control of aldosterone. Sodium is reabsorbed and potassium is secreted in collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
Juxtaglomerular apparatus help maintain body blood pressure. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin that increase blood pressure when needed. Renin in blood stream acts on plasma protein called angiotensinogen and converts it to angiotensin.
Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone that increases uptake of sodium.
Kidney produces erythropoietin. This hormone released when cells of kidney sense tissue hypoxia (inadequate supply of oxygen). Helps release more red blood cells.
Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycle of oogenesis is initiated by one of the follicle-stimulating hormone that triggers the ovary to begin development of one of the ovarian follicles. |
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Term
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Definition
(Cat) - 30 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1]
(Kitten) - 26 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/2]
(Dog) - 42 [I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3]
(Puppy) - 28 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/3]
(Horse) - 40 or 42 [I3/3, C1/1, P3-4/3, M3/3]
(Pig) - 44
(Cow) - 32 |
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Term
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Definition
X] Crown is the visible part of the tooth.
X] Embedded in the jaw is the root.
X] Prehensile is ability to grasp plant material
Pulp is sensitive part of the tooth.
Cheek teeth is the molars and premolars of ruminants.
Oclussion refers to upper and lower teeth touching
Floated is the filing of teeth to make them less painful.
Decidous is baby or temporary teeth, erupt during six months to three years of life. |
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