Term
| 1. Where does digestion of carbohydrates occur? |
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Definition
| mouth and small intestine |
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Term
| 2. What enzyme is secreted in the mouth to digest carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Salivary amylase will break down polysaccharides into what? |
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Definition
| into disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, and lactose) |
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Term
| 4. What enzymes are secreted in the small intestine to digest carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase |
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Term
| 5. Pancreatic amylase will break down polysaccharides into what? |
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Definition
| disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, and lactose) |
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Term
| 6. The maltase enzyme will break the disaccharide, maltose, into what monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. The sucrase enzyme will break the disaccharide, sucrose, into what monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. The lactase enzyme will break the disaccharide, lactose, into what monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. Where does digestion of proteins occur? |
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Definition
| stomach and small intestine |
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Term
| 10. What enzyme is released in the stomach that will digest proteins into amino acids? |
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Definition
| pepsinogen - gets converted to PEPSIN |
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Term
| 11. What enzymes are released in the small intestine that will digest proteins? |
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Definition
| pancreatic (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase), aminopeptidases, and peptidases |
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Term
| 12. What do proteases and peptidases break proteins into? |
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Definition
| polypeptides, tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids |
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Term
| 13. Where does digestion of lipids/fats occur? |
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Definition
| mouth, stomach, and small intestine |
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Term
| 14. What enzyme is secreted in the mouth for the digestion of fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. What enzyme is secreted in the stomach for the digestion of fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. What enzymes are secreted in the small intestine for the digestion of fats? |
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Definition
| bile and pancreatic lipase |
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Term
| 17. What breaks fats into emulsified fat droplets (micelles)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. Once fats are emulsified, what breaks the triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides? |
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Definition
| lipase (lingual, gastric, and pancreatic) |
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Term
| 19. Where does the filtrate for the aqueous part of saliva come from? |
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Definition
| plasma (from cappillaries around salivary gland) |
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Term
| 20. Is the final composition of saliva hypotonic or hypertonic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. The final aqueous composition of saliva has a low concentration of _____ and _____ (makes saliva hypotonic). |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. The final aqueous composition of saliva has a high concentration of ______ and ______ (helps neutralize acidic environment). |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What are the 4 organic components of saliva? |
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Definition
| salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucous secretions, antibacterials |
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Term
| 24. What glands secrete salivary amylase? |
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Definition
| parotid and submandibular glands |
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Term
| 25. Which gland secretes lingual lipase? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. Does the salivary amylase and lingual lipase continue to work in the stomach? |
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Definition
| lingual lipase-yes, salivary amylase-no (inactivated by acidic stomach) |
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Term
| 27. What are 2 antibacterials found in saliva? |
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Definition
| antibody IgA and lysozyme |
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Term
| 28. Does the parasympathetic nervous system make your saliva more aqueous or more viscous? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. Does the sympathetic nervous system make your saliva more aqueous or more viscous? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. What inhibits the release of saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. What does the parietal cells get from the blood that they convert into H+ and HCO3-? |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. How do the parietal cells transport H+ into the lumen? |
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Definition
| by the proton pump (H+/K+ pump) |
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Term
| 33. What is Prilosec (what does it inhibit)? |
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Definition
| inhibits proton pump (less H+ in stomach - less acid) |
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Term
| 34. The gastric acid in the stomach converts _____ into ______ when the pH is below 3.0. |
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Definition
| pepsinogen (from chief cells) into pepsin |
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Term
| 35. What else does the gastric acid do? |
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Definition
| breaks down CT in meat and kills bacteria |
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Term
| 36. Remember, the chief cells secrete the pepsinogen, what else do they secrete in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Remember, the parietal cells secrete the gastric acid, what else do they secrete in the stomach? |
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Definition
| intrinsic factor (needed for vitamen B12 absorption) |
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Term
| 38. Again, what 3 things stimulate the release of gastric acid secretion? |
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Definition
| parasympathetics, gastrin (hormone from endocrine cells), and histamine |
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Term
| 39. How do Zantac, Tagament, and Pepcid work? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. What inhibits gastric acid release DIRECTLY? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. What inhibits the release of gastric acid by inhibiting the release of gastrin from endocrine cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. In the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, what does the thought, smell, or taste of food stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. In the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, does the medulla stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. In the gastric phase of gastric acid secretion, what does distention of the stomach stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. In the gastric phase of gastric acid secretion, do the mechanoreceptors stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. In the gastrointestinal phase of gastric acid secretion, what does acidic (ph<2) chyme entering the duodenum stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. In the gastrointestinal phase of gastric acid secretion, do the chemoreceptors stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. During gastric acid secretion, what does activation of parasympathetic nervous system stimulate secretion of? |
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Definition
| gastric acid, gastrin, and histamine |
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Term
| 49. Gastrin and histamine further stimulate secretion of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. Does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate or inhibit gastric motility? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. If something inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system, will you stimulate or inhibit gastric motility, gastric acid secretion, and gastrin/histamine secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. The acidic chyme and high lipid content will stimulate the small intestine to release ________ and _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. What do CCK and secretin do to gastric motility and release of gastrin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. A distended duodenum or hypo/hyper-tonic chyme will stimulate _________ (inhibits gastrin and gastric motility) to protect the duodenum from excess gastric emptying. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. What do intestinal glands produce that help keep chyme as a fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. Where does most digestion occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. We know that acidic chyme and lipids stimulate the release of CCK and secretin, what else stimulates the release of CCK? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. Does CCK or secretin stimulate the pancreas to release HCO3-? |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. Does CCK or secretin stimulate the release of bile from the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. Does CCK or secretin stimulate the gallbladder to release bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. Does CCK or secretin stimulate the pancreas to release peptidases and proteases? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. What are the enzymes maltase, sucrase, lactase, and peptidase bound to? |
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Definition
| bound to surface of microvilli |
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Term
| 63. Does digestion occur in the large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to bile pigments (from conjugated bilirubin) |
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Term
| 65. What does feces consist of? |
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Definition
| water, undigested material, mucus, and flora (bacteria) |
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Term
| 66. What does the normal flora in the large intestine produce that we absorb and use? |
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Definition
| vitamin K, B1, B2, and B12 |
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