Term
| The Digestive Tract is also called (2) |
|
Definition
gastrointestinal (GI) tract or
alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| the GI tract Is a muscular tube that extends from the ____ to the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give all components GI tract passes through (6) |
|
Definition
1.oral cavity
2.pharynx,
3.esophagus,
4.stomach,
5.small and 6. large intestines |
|
|
Term
six fcns of digestive system
think of what stomach does when it recieves food |
|
Definition
1. Ingestion (materials entering digestive tract via mouth)
2. Mechanical processing (Crushing and shearing)
3. Digestion(mechanical and chemical breakdown of food)
4. Secretion(by glandular organs of acids, enzymes, etc.)
5. Absorption (from epithelium into interstitial fluid)
6. Excretion(poopy, peepee) |
|
|
Term
| The Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum are Lined with serous membrane consisting of: (3) |
|
Definition
1.Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue
2.visceral peritoneum
3. parietal peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| visceral peritoneum aka & fcn |
|
Definition
Serosa,
fcn:Covers organs WITHIN peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lines inner surfaces of body wall |
|
|
Term
| overall the serous membrane of the peritoneum functions to(1) |
|
Definition
| Safeguards tissues against: acids, enzymes, abrasion, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| accessory organs of the digestive system (4) |
|
Definition
gallbladder
liver
salivary glands
pancreas |
|
|
Term
| salivary glands produce ______ that begin ______ (2) digestion |
|
Definition
salivary amylase
begin carbohydrate & lipid digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.secretion of bile
2.storage of nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aids in the digestion of lipids |
|
|
Term
pancreas fcn(2)
name cell type & their fcn |
|
Definition
exocrine cells: secrete buffers & digestive enzymes
endocrine cells: secrete hormones such as insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peritoneal Fluid
•Is produced by the __________lining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fcn of Peritoneal Fluid (3) |
|
Definition
| 1•Provides essential lubrication 2•Separates parietal and visceral surfaces 3•Allows sliding without friction or irritation |
|
|
Term
| how much Peritoneal fluid is produced daily |
|
Definition
About 7 liters produced and absorbed daily,
but very little in peritoneal cavity at one time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling |
|
|
Term
| Are double-layer sheets of peritoneal membrane that support the viscera is the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fcn of the mesenteries (4) |
|
Definition
1•Suspend portions of digestive tract (visceral organs, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels) within peritoneal cavity by sheets of serous membrane
2• connect parietal & visceral peritoneum
3•Areolar tissues b/n mesothelial surfaces provide an access route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to and from the digestive tract.
4• stabilizes organ positions & NO tangles |
|
|
Term
| the lesser omentum fcn (2) |
|
Definition
1.Stabilizes position of stomach
2•Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving the LIVER |
|
|
Term
| what marks the division b/n the right and left lobes of the liver (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fcn of falciform ligament |
|
Definition
Helps stabilize position of liver
Relative to diaphragm and abdominal wal |
|
|
Term
The Dorsal Mesentery
•Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called the _________________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dorsal Mesentery Extends inferiorly between(2) |
|
Definition
| the body wall & the anterior surface of small intestine |
|
|
Term
| the dorsal mesentery Hangs like an apron over the ________ (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| greater omentum is made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fcns of greater omentum (3) |
|
Definition
1•Pads and protects the anterior and lateral surfaces of abdomen
2•Provides insulation to reduce heat loss
3•Stores lipid energy reserves |
|
|
Term
| the mescentary proper fcn(1) |
|
Definition
1.Provides stability
&
(Permits some independent movement) |
|
|
Term
| which mesentary Fuses with posterior abdominal wall, locking structures in position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mesentary proper Suspends all but the ________ |
|
Definition
| first 25 cm (10 in.) of small intestine |
|
|
Term
| the mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Transverse mesocolon supports (1)
Sigmoid mesocolon supports (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During development, mesocolon of ascending colon, descending colon, and the rectum __________ |
|
Definition
Fuse to dorsal body wall
•Lock regions in place |
|
|
Term
| 4 major layers of digestive tract is |
|
Definition
1.Mucosa [digestive epithelium + lamina propria (muscularis mucosae)]
2.Submucosa
3.Muscularis externa
4.Serosa |
|
|
Term
| the lamina propia of GI tract contains what kind of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mucosa layer contains(3) |
|
Definition
mucosal epithelium+ lamina propia
& mucularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| the submucosa layer contains (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner lining of digestive tract is the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
are lined by what epithelium and why (1)? |
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
b/c they experience mechanical stresses |
|
|
Term
| the stomach, sm intestine, & most lg intestine are lined by what epithelium and why (1)? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells b/c absorption |
|
|
Term
the Lining of Digestive Tract concist of what folds?
& why
hint: not talking about sm intestine folds |
|
Definition
Longitudinal folds,
disappear as digestive tract fills
Folding increases surface area for absorption |
|
|
Term
| Permanent transverse folds of the mucus membrane found in the small intestine are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Permanent plicae circulares are located (2) |
|
Definition
| Especially in the duedonum & jejunum |
|
|
Term
| the Layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lamina propia Consists of a layer of areolar tissue that contains (5) |
|
Definition
1.Blood vessels
2•Sensory nerve endings
3•Lymphatic vessels
4•Smooth muscle cells
5•Scattered areas of lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| the Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 2 concentric layers of the Muscularis mucosae |
|
Definition
circular muscle)
(longitudinal layer) |
|
|
Term
| describe the longitudinal layer of the muscularis mucosae |
|
Definition
| Outer layer contains muscle cells parallel to tract |
|
|
Term
| describe the circle muscle of the muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
| Inner layer encircles lumen |
|
|
Term
The __________________________
Is a layer of DENSE, irregular connective tissue
•Surrounds muscularis mucosae |
|
Definition
submucosa
*remember lamina propia is LOOSE |
|
|
Term
submucosa contains (2)
and may contain (1) |
|
Definition
large blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
•May contain exocrine glands
(Secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
| the submucosal plexus is also called (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| submucosal plexus fcn (1) |
|
Definition
| Innervates the mucosa and submucosa |
|
|
Term
| Sensory neural network contains (3) |
|
Definition
1.Sensory neurons
2.Parasympathetic ganglionic neurons
3.Sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
| The Muscularis Externa is dominated by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis Externa of esophagus are arranged in what 2 layers |
|
Definition
1.Inner circular layer
2.Outer longitudinal layer
note the stomach has threee
inner: oblique
middle: circular
outer : longitudinal
*same as before |
|
|
Term
| the smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis Externa fcn (2) |
|
Definition
1.Mechanical processing
2.Movement of materials along digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| digestive system is coordinated by the ______ nervous system |
|
Definition
| enteric nervous system (ENS) |
|
|
Term
| muscle movements of the digestive system is stimulated by what nervous system |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic fibers that are located in the myenteric plexus |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic postganglionic fibers control what tissue layer?(1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who coordinates the activity of the muscularis externa for intestinal motility |
|
Definition
myenteric plexus
remember its located in the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myenteric plexus is located between (2) |
|
Definition
circular & longitudinal muscles
(remember it controls intestinal motility) |
|
|
Term
| the Serous membrane covering muscularis externa is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who does not have a serosa (4) |
|
Definition
oral cavity,
pharynx,
esophagus
rectum
goes in order but skips stomach and itntestines |
|
|
Term
| instead of a seronsa the esophagus,pharynx, rectum, and oral cavity have an ______ & what is it made up of (1) & fcn of this |
|
Definition
adventitia
a dense sheath of collagen fibers
fcn: firmly attaches the digestive tract to adjacent structures |
|
|
Term
| the rhythmic cycles of the digestive system activity is controlled by what cells? (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do pacesetter cells work (2) |
|
Definition
undergo spontaneous depolarization
Triggering wave of contraction through entire muscular sheet |
|
|
Term
Pacesetter Cells are located (2)
ans surround (1) |
|
Definition
muscularis mucosae & externa
Surrounding lumen of digestive tract |
|
|
Term
the of waves of muscular contractions
that Move the contents of the along the length of the digestive tract is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe how peristalsis moves bolus throughout GI tract (3) |
|
Definition
1. Circular muscles contract BEHIND bolus •
(While circular muscles ahead of bolus relax)
2. Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract
( by Shortening adjacent segments)
3. Wave of contraction in circular muscles Forces bolus forward |
|
|
Term
| Local Factors that Control of Digestive Functions (2) |
|
Definition
1.changes in pH
2.Prostaglandins, histamine, and
other chemicals released into interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| neural mechanisms that Control the Digestive Function fcn (2) |
|
Definition
1.Movement of materials along digestive tract
2. Secrete substances into GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Control :
1.smooth muscle contraction & 2.glandular secretion |
|
|
Term
| Motor neurons are located (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short reflexes Are responsible for local reflexes that control(1)
what part of the nervous system controls this? |
|
Definition
1. small segments of digestive tract
2. Operate entirely outside of CNS control = enteric nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Long reflexes control (2) |
|
Definition
1.
Higher level control of digestive (glandular activities)
2•Control large-scale peristaltic waves |
|
|
Term
| Long reflexes are controlled by the _____ system or sometimes by the _____ system which uses these 3 nerves |
|
Definition
1.CNS
(interneurons & motor neurons)
2. parasympathetic motor fibers that synapse in the myenteric plexus
Glossopharyngeal,
vagus,
pelvic nerves |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Mechanisms of the digestive system that are At least 18 peptides long affect: (2) |
|
Definition
| Most of digestive system/ of activities other systems |
|
|
Term
| digestive hormones are produced by ___ and travel to their respective organ by the ____ |
|
Definition
1.enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract
2. bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| functions of the oral cavity (4) |
|
Definition
1. Sensory analysis
(Of material before swallowing)
2. Mechanical processing
(Through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces
3. Lubrication
(mucus + salivary gland secretions)
4. Limited digestion
(Of carbohydrates and LIPIDS) |
|
|
Term
| Lining of oral cavity is the ______ & includes the following 3 structures |
|
Definition
oral mucosa
2. cheeks, lips, and inferior surface of tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Inferior to tongue is thin and vascular enough to (1) |
|
Definition
| rapidly absorb lipid-soluble drugs |
|
|
Term
| Cheeks are supported by (2) |
|
Definition
| pads of fat & buccinator muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Space between the cheeks (or lips) and the teeth is the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ridges of oral mucosa
that Surround base of each tooth on alveolar processes of maxillary bones and mandible are called the (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the roof of the oral cavity is formed by (4) |
|
Definition
1.hard palate
2. soft palate
3.palatine bones
4.palatine PROCESSES of the maxillary bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a restrictive linguinal frenulum |
|
|
Term
| Ankyloglosia results in (3) |
|
Definition
difficulty in :
1.contracting the tongue
2.speaking
3.eating |
|
|
Term
Fcns of tongue (4)
make sure to give what 2 things the tongue secrete (fcn 4) |
|
Definition
| 1.Mechanical processing of food 2. assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing 3.Sensory analysis of food by touch, temperature, and taste receptors 4.Secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase |
|
|
Term
name the 3 pairs of Salivary Glands
that secrete into oral cavity |
|
Definition
1. Parotid salivary glands
2. Sublingual salivary glands
3. Submandibular salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Parotid salivary glands location |
|
Definition
| Inferior to zygomatic arch |
|
|
Term
| Parotid salivary glands secrete (2) |
|
Definition
1. a serous secretion
2•Enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down starches) |
|
|
Term
| Parotid salivary glands is drained by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parotid duct empties into the |
|
Definition
vestibule in oral cavity
( at the level of the second upper molar) |
|
|
Term
| which salivary gland is Covered by mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth |
|
Definition
| sublinguinal salivary glands |
|
|
Term
sublinguinal salivary glands produces a _____ secretion& fcn (2)
not talking about salivary amylase |
|
Definition
| mucous secretion Acts as a buffer and lubricant |
|
|
Term
| Sublingual ducts are located |
|
Definition
| Either side of lingual frenulum |
|
|
Term
| Submandibular Salivary Glands are located |
|
Definition
| In floor of mouth Within mandibular groove |
|
|
Term
| Submandibular Salivary Glands secrete (3) |
|
Definition
buffers
glycoproteins (mucins),
salivary amylase |
|
|
Term
Submandibular ducts open _______
& drain on ________ |
|
Definition
immediately posterior to teeth
Either side of lingual frenulum |
|
|
Term
| which gland produces most saliva: |
|
Definition
•MOST:70% by submandibular glands
•25% by parotids
•5% by sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
99.4% water
•0.6% electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-), buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), antibodies, enzymes, & waste products, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Lubricating the mouth
•Moistening and lubricating materials in the mouth
2•Dissolving chemicals that stimulate taste buds and provide sensory information
3.•Initiating digestion of complex carbohydrates by the enzyme salivary amylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of Salivary Secretions is done by (2) |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic and sympathetic of ANS |
|
|
Term
| •___________________ accelerates secretion by all salivary glands |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic ANS
(medulla oblongata) |
|
|
Term
| Salivatory nuclei of medulla oblongata influenced by (2) |
|
Definition
1.Other brain stem nuclei
2•Activities of higher centers |
|
|
Term
the Exposed portion of tooth
that Projects beyond soft tissue of gingiva is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulk of each tooth is made of The _____ & Consists of _______ & is covered by a layer of _________ |
|
Definition
1.dentin
2.Consists of a mineralized matrix (70%) similar to that of bone
3.enamel |
|
|
Term
dentin is Produced by
is dentin made throughout life? |
|
Definition
1.odontoblasts (live in the interior of the tooth)
•Continues to form throughout life |
|
|
Term
| Receives blood vessels and nerves through the root canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in The Root each tooth sits in a bony socket called an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| •A layer of _______________ covers the dentin of the root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Providing protection & anchoring periodontal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar Processes Of the maxillae Form the (name & give aka) |
|
Definition
| maxillary arcade (upper dental arch) |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar Processes Of the Of the mandible form the (name & give aka) |
|
Definition
| mandibular arcade (lower dental arch) |
|
|
Term
| if Teeth are held in their sockets by periodontal ligaments. What’s periodontis? |
|
Definition
| occurs when bacteria infect periodontal ligament causing inflammation and decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary teeth,
milk teeth,
or baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| how many baby teeth do we have? how are they divided? |
|
Definition
20 =
•5 on each side of upper and lower jaws
•2 incisors
•1 cuspid
•2 deciduous molars |
|
|
Term
| During embryonic development, what 2 sets of teeth form and give number of teeth |
|
Definition
1.Primary dentition, or deciduous teeth (n = 20)
2.Secondary dentition, or permanent dentition (n = 32) |
|
|
Term
| Enamel formation is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enamel formation (amelogenesis) begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineralization for decidious teeth begins and finishes at what age? |
|
Definition
begins:15 weeks post conception
finishes: 2 months after birth. |
|
|
Term
Secondary dentition:
Enamel formation begins and finishes at what age? |
|
Definition
| begins at: 19 weeks intrauterine life and finishes: 9 months after birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many teeth are in secondary dentition and how are they divided? |
|
Definition
Eight on each side, upper and lower
•2 incisors
•1 cuspid
•5 molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mandibular muscles movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection in parotid salivary glands |
|
|
