Term
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Definition
| breakdown of ingested food and absorption of nutrients into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| production of cellular energy-ATP and constructive/degradative cellular activities |
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Term
| 2 main groups of organs in digestive system |
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Definition
| alimentary canal or GI tract and accessory digestive organs |
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Term
| 7 organs of the alimentary canal |
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Definition
| "mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus" |
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Term
| 9 parts of the mouth (mouth anatomy) |
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Definition
| "lips/labia, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, vestibule, oral cavity, tongue, tonsils" |
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Term
| 2 types of tonsils in the mouth |
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Definition
| palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils |
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Term
| 4 mouth processes/functions |
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Definition
| "mastication, mixing masticated food with saliva, initiate swallowing by the tongue, allowing for sense of taste" |
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Term
| 3 parts of pharynx (anatomy) |
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Definition
| "nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx" |
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Term
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Definition
| passageway for air and food; propels food to esophagus; movement of food by alternating contractions of muscle layers (peristalsis) |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts food by peristalsis and passageway for food only |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 muscle layers of pharynx |
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Definition
| longitudinal (inner) and circular (outer) |
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Term
| layers of alimentary canal organs |
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Definition
| "mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (smooth muscle), serosa" |
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Term
| mucosa layer characteristics (5) |
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Definition
| "innermost layer, moist membrane, surface epithelium, small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria), small smooth muscle layer" |
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Term
| submucosa layer characteristics (2) |
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Definition
| "just beneath mucosa; soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics" |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle (2 layers-inner circular and outer longitudinal) |
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Term
| serosa layer (2 layers of…) |
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Definition
| outermost layer - visceral peritoneum (layer of serous fluid-producing cells) is inner of the 2 layers and parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| 3 alimentary canal nerve plexuses |
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Definition
| "submucosal, myenteric and subserous nerve plexuses" |
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Term
| what do alimentary canal nerve plexuses do? |
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Definition
| help regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs |
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Term
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Definition
| left side of abdominal cavity |
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Term
| where does food enter the stomach? |
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Definition
| cardioesophageal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac region (near heart); fundus; body; phylorus (terminal end) |
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Term
| where does food leave the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal folds of mucosa in the stomach |
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Term
| external regions of stomach (2) |
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Definition
| lesser and greater curvatures |
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Term
| layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach (2) |
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Definition
| "lesser omentum, greater omentum" |
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Term
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Definition
| peritoneum of stomach that attaches liver to lesser curvature |
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Term
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Definition
| "peritoneum of stomach that attaches greater curvature to posterior body wall (contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs)" |
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Term
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Definition
| storage tank for food; site of food breakdown; chemical breakdown or protein begins; delivers chyme (processed food) to small intestine |
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Term
| specialized mucosa (columnar epithelium) of stomach - 5 |
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Definition
| mucous neck cells; gastric glands; chief cells; parietal cells; endocrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
| produce sticky alkaline mucus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions of small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
| body's major digestive organ; site of nutrient absorption into blood |
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Term
| describe small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
| muscular tube extgending from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery |
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Term
| 3 subdivisions of small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attached to stomach - curves around head of pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches anteriorly to duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from jejunum to large intestine |
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Term
| bile enters ______ from the _______ |
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Definition
| small intestine - gall bladder |
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Term
| nearly all food absorption occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
| villi of the small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
| fingerlike structures formed by mucosa; gives the small intestine more surface area |
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Term
| microvilli of the small intestine - 2 |
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Definition
| small projections of the plasma membrane; found on absorptive cells |
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Term
| 3 structures involved in absorption of nutrients |
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Definition
| "absorptive cells, blood capillaries, lacteals" |
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Term
| Peyer's patches found in the_______ of small intestine |
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Definition
| submucosa of small intestines |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of large intestine |
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Definition
| "larger in diameter, but shorter than small intestine; frames internal abdomen" |
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Term
| 4 functions of large intestine |
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Definition
| "absorption of water, eliminated indigestible food from body as feces, does not participate in digestion of food, Goblet cells produce mucus to act as lubricant" |
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Term
| 5 structures of large intestine |
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Definition
| "cecum, appendix (hangs from cecum), colon, rectum, anus" |
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Term
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Definition
| "ascending, transverse, descending, s-shaped sigmoidal" |
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Term
| 5 accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| "salivary glands, teeth, pancrease, liver, gall bladder" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| saliva helps to form a food |
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Definition
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Term
| saliva contains ___________ to begin ___________ |
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Definition
| salivary amylase - starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| deciduous (baby) and permanent |
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Term
| classification of teeth - 4 |
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Definition
| "incisors, canines, premolars, molars" |
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Term
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Definition
| crown (exposed part); neck (in contact with gum); root |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive enzymes that break down food |
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Term
| 2 endocrine products of pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| right side of body under diaphragm |
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Term
| liver suspended from diaphragm and abdominal wall by |
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Definition
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Term
| liver connected to gall bladder via… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "bile salts, bile pigment, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes" |
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Term
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Definition
| sac found in hollow fossa of liver |
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Term
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Definition
| stores bile from liver by way of cystic duct |
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Term
| digestive activity controlled by… |
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Definition
| reflexes via the parasympathetic division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| phases of deglutition - 2 |
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Definition
| "buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase, " |
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Term
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Definition
| "ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defacation" |
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Term
| presence of food or falling pH in stomach causes… |
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Definition
| release of gastrin (which causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes) |
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Term
| 2 protein digestion enzymes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the only absorbtion that occurs in stomach is (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| what stimulates release of pancreatic juice? 3 |
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Definition
| "vagus nerve, local hormones - secretin and cholecystokinin" |
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Term
| substances transported from small intestine to liver by… |
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Definition
| hepatic portal vein or lymph |
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Term
| no enzymes produced in the… |
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Definition
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Term
| what digests remaining nutrients in large intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "substance used by body for growth, maintenance and repair" |
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Term
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Definition
| "carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water" |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions necessary to maintain life |
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Term
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Definition
| substances broken down to simpler substances |
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Term
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Definition
| larger molecules built from smaller ones |
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Term
| _______ released during catabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| major breakdown product and fuel to make ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energizes a glucose molecule so that it can be split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules and yield ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| produces virtually all of CO2 and H2O resulting from cell respiration AND yields a small amount of ATP |
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Term
| electronic transport chain - 3 |
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Definition
| hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers; hydrogen split into H ions and H electrons in the mitochondria; electrons give off energy to enable production of ATP |
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Term
| fat metabolism handled by |
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Definition
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Term
| body cells remove fat and cholesterol to build… (2) |
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Definition
| build membranes and steroid hormones |
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Term
| fats must first be broken down into_________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ingested proteins broken down into |
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Definition
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Term
| production of ATP from protein (when protein overabundant) - 3 |
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Definition
| amine groups removed from proteins as ammonia; rest of protein molecule enters Krebs cycle in mitochondria; liver converts harmful ammonia to urea which can be elminiated in urine |
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Term
| function of liver in metabolism - 3 |
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Definition
| detoxifies drugs and alcohols; degrades hormones; produce cholesterol and blood proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose molecules converted to glycogen molecules which are stored in liver |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose is released from liver after conversion from glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose is produced from fats and proteins |
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Term
| fats and fatty acids picked up by… |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most cholesterol is produced in the __________- |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol and fatty acids transported by… |
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Definition
| lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| LDLs transport to body cells |
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Term
| high-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| HDLs transport from body cells to liver |
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Term
| basic metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| amt of heat produced by body per unit of time at rest |
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Term
| total metabolic rate (TMR) |
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Definition
| total amount of kilocalories body must consume to fuel ongoing activities |
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