Term
| where is insulin synthesized? |
|
Definition
| the beta islet cells in the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what does the release of insulin normally depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the glucose transporters called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| because glucose is taken up into the beta cell there is an increase in_____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does high ATP do to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| increase in intracellular _____ cause insulin to be released |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
decrease blood glucose by inhibiting liver glucose production
increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose
increase glucose uptake by the liver |
|
|
Term
| why did animal insulin cause a lot of problems when it was used to treat humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of insulin is used to treat humans today? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do insulin receptors do when activitated? |
|
Definition
| they can control gene expresion, growth regulation, glucose utilization, glycogen/lipid/protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| what transporter takes glucose into cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does type 1 usually develop? |
|
Definition
| an autoantibody attacks the beta cells of the pancreas and kills them (usually) |
|
|
Term
| do type 2 diabetics make insulin? |
|
Definition
| yes- it may be the wrong type, their receptors may not work. many variables. They don't respond to what they have. |
|
|
Term
| diabetes that occurs in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for a diagnosis of diabetes
random glucose > ______
fasting glucose >_______
plasma glucose > ______ |
|
Definition
200mg/dl
126 mg/dl
200 mg/dl after oral glucose load |
|
|
Term
| what is the usual cutoff age for developing type1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children as young as ___ are now developing type 2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| major risk factor for type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regular (humulin, Novolin =human)
lispro (humalog)
aspart (novolog)
glulysine |
|
Definition
| short onset/ short duration insulin |
|
|
Term
| neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) |
|
Definition
| intermediate duration insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the side effect of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do short duration insulins take to work? how long do they last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute consequences of diabetes |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, diabetic coma (caused by hypo or hyperglycemia) |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of blindness in people of working age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this effects up to 50% of men with long-standing diabetes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| first choice of treatment for type 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these work to increase insulin release by blocking the K+ channels in islet cells and increase sensitivity to insulin |
|
Definition
| Sulfonylureas: glipizide/glyburide MOA |
|
|
Term
| these drugs close K+ channels in islet cells --> increase release of insulin |
|
Definition
| Repaglinide/ Nateglinide MOA |
|
|
Term
| this decreases glucose production by the liver and does not cause insulin release/ no hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shouldn't you give metformin with? |
|
Definition
| renal, liver, or heart failure |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest side effect of the sulfonylureas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these inhibit alpha-glucosidase in the gut and decrease intestinal absorption of starch, dextrin and disaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are repaglinide/ nateglinide administered? |
|
Definition
| they are very short acting and taken with meals |
|
|
Term
these are agonists for nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and leads to upregulation of genes that regulate carb and lipid metabolism
*horrendous side effects, may cause CHF |
|
Definition
| Pioglitazone/ Rosiglitazone (avandia) |
|
|
Term
| the new class of hypoglycemics are based upon this peptide that is secreted from the alpha cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits glucagon secretion; liver doesn't secrete glucose |
|
|
Term
| modified amylin peptide used with insulin to prevent postparandial hyperglycemia. must be injected can be used for type 1 or type 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) released from the gut to augment glucose-dependant insulin secretion from pancreas
-same effects as amylin plus increases the beta cell number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is incretin broken down by? |
|
Definition
| dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme (DPP-4) |
|
|
Term
| incretin mimetic (injected); first one made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this incretin mimetic is brand new may cause thyroid cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these are new DPP-4 inhibitors and are admistered orally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased gastric insuli, increased insulin release, increased insulin sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for SEVERE hypoglycemia- IM injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
treatment for hypoglycemia
-opens K+ channels or prolongs open state
-decreases insulin secretion |
|
Definition
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