Term
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Definition
| decreases hepatic glucose production, increases peripheral insulin sensitivity in fat and muscle tissues, and decreases intestinal absorption of glucose |
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Term
| Second Generation Sulfonylureas |
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Definition
| block ATP-sensitive potassium-channels on pancreatic beta cells --> decreases potassium outflow--> stimulates insulin release |
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Term
| Meglitinides/Phenylalanines |
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Definition
| block ATP-sensitive potassium-channels on pancreatic beta cells --> decreases potassium outflow --> stimulates insulin release (same MOA as sulfonylureas!) |
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Term
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Definition
| bind peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-gamma) --> increase skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and decrease hepatic produciton of glucose and free fatty acids |
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Term
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DDP-IV) Inhibitors |
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Definition
| inhibits DDP-IV to increase levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) leading to: increased insulin secretion, decreased hepatic glucose production, and delayed gastric emptying |
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Term
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors |
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Definition
| inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase hydrolase and pancreatic alpha-amylase resulting in delayed carbohydrate absorption |
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Term
| Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists |
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Definition
| Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, decreases hepatic glucose production, delays gastric emptying, and increases satiety |
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Term
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Definition
| binds bile acids within intestine, thereby impeding their biliary reabsorption; the mechanism by which fasting plasma glucose and A1c are reduced are unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| exact mechanism in the improvement of glycemic control is unknown; may reset hypothalamic circadian rhythms which can improve postprandial glucose concnetrations without increasing plasma insulin concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells; decreases glucagon secretion, decreases hepatic glucose production, delays gastric emptying, and increases satiety |
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