Term
| What is the FDA Definition of a Newborn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the FDA definition of an Infant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the FDA definition of a child |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the FDA definition of an adolescent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of infants are born normal? And does this mean their visual system will be normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pre-natal factors may affect the development of the visual system? |
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Definition
| Mom's age, Ionizing radiation, Chemical agents, infectious diseases, and Nutrition |
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Term
| Older mom's predispose babys to what? |
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Definition
| Developmental delays and teratogenic conditions |
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Term
| Ionizing radiation may predispose children to what? |
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Definition
| subtle to sever teratogenic effects |
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Term
| Chemical agents may predispose children to what? |
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Definition
Ex: pesticides, alcohol, drugs, tobacco
May be teratogenic or cause defects in intrauterine deveopment. Presiposes low birth weight and premature delivery |
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Term
| Infectious diseases in mother predispose children to what? |
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Definition
May be teratogenic. May be predisposed to visual manifestations and complications.
Viral and Venereal diseases are most common |
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Term
| Poor nutrition in the mother predisposes her child to what? |
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Definition
| Low birth weight, and inhibited normal growth |
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Term
| Expected length of pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered premature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the survival rate of a baby born at 24 weeks? |
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Definition
| 50%--predisposes the baby to developmental delays and ocular findings |
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Term
| Complications due to premature delivery depend on what factors? |
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Definition
| Birth weight and time in ICU |
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Term
| What is the expected birth weight? length? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered a low birth weight? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered a very low birth weight? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered an extremely low birth weight? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Safe, well controlled. Little to no risk for the fetus
Ex: prenatal vitamins, thyroid hormones (levothyroxine) and nystatin vaginal cream |
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Term
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Definition
Most common in pregnant women.
No risk in animals, no adequate study in humans
or
Little risk in animals, but not confirmed in humans
Ex: the anticoagulant Levanox |
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Term
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Definition
60% of all meds
Animal studies reveal adverse effects but no controlled studies have been confirmed in pregnant women. or studies in women and animals are not available |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows to be an associaiton with birth defects, but potential benefits might outweigh the cost (life threatening) |
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Term
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Definition
Contraindicated. Clear association to fetal abnormalities and risks.
Ex. Alcohol |
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Term
| Other than Category A-X, what is the other way to classify drugs? |
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Definition
| According to placental transfer |
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Term
| High Placental transfer of a drug means what? |
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Definition
Drug crosses the placenta rapily. May not be teratogenic, but can heavily tax the fetal metabolic and excretory systems
Fetal concentration is close to maternal concentration (at equilbrium) |
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Term
| Limited placental transfer |
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Definition
| fetal plasma concentrations are lower than maternal |
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Term
| Excess placental transfer |
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Definition
| fetal plasma concentations of drugs are higher than the mother |
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Antibiotics? |
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Definition
Penicillins have a high placental transfer
Cephalosporins and Aminoglycosides have a limited transfer |
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Antiparasitics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Antivirals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Anticonvulsants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Benzodiazepines (anxiolytics and seditives?) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of psychotropics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Digitalis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of beta blockers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Antiarrhythmic |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of General Anethetics |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Analgesics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of NSAIDS |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Anti ulcer |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the placental transfer of Xanthins |
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Definition
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Term
| The birthing process starts with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does the birthing process last? |
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Definition
| Can last hours/days/weeks/months |
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Term
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Definition
| Back pain and water breaking |
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Term
| What is the length of an average labor? |
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Definition
| 15 hours. 1st time and male babies may take longer |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of labor? |
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Definition
Dilation
Expulsion
Placental |
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Term
| Stages in Dilation during labor |
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Definition
At onset: 2-4cm
Dilation takes 2-20hrs
Contractions initially are every 15-20 mins
At the end they are every 30 seconds
Must dilate to 10cm to reach expulsion |
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Term
| What does the apgar score provide? |
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Definition
| And assesment of viability |
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Term
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Definition
| at 1 and 5 mins after birth |
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Term
| What is a normal apgar score |
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Definition
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Term
| What apgar score is of concern? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of newborns score 7+ on the apgar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 5 categories does the apgar evaluate? |
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Definition
Heartrate
Respiratory effect
Muscle tone
Reflex
Circulation |
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Term
| What is the ranking for heartrate on the apgar? |
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Definition
0 absent
1 less than 100bpm
2 more than 200bpm |
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Term
| What is the ranking for repiratory effect on the apgar? |
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Definition
0 absent
1 irregular
2 regular |
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Term
| What is the ranking for muscle tone on the apgar? |
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Definition
0 limp
1 flexon of extremeties
2 well flexed |
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Term
| What is the ranking for the reflex on the apgar? |
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Definition
0 none
1 some motion/grimace
2 cry cough or sneeze |
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Term
| What is the ranking for the circulation on the apgar? |
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Definition
0 pale or blue
1 pink with blue extemeties
2 pink |
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Term
| What is the last stage of the birthing process? |
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Definition
| Placental: brief stage of expulsion of the umbilical cord and placenta |
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Term
| What are post natal factors that may affect visual development? |
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Definition
Oxygen deprivation
Malnutrition
Environmental imbalance
meds during breastfeeding
Poisoning/chemical exposure
Illness
Accidents |
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Term
| What affect does oxygen deprevation have on an infant |
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Definition
| sever and non reversible damage |
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Term
| How does malnutrition affect an infant? |
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Definition
Affects overall growth and development
Includes food allergies and feeding disorders |
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Term
| How does an environmental imbalance affect a newborn? |
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Definition
| Affects physical and emotional growth |
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Term
| What is the accepted guidline for growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does weight change in an infant? |
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Definition
Doubles @ 5 months
Triples by first year
and Quadruples by 30 months |
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Term
| How does height change in an infant? |
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Definition
20% gain by 3 months
50% gain by 1st year |
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Term
| What proportion of each comprise an infant? (muscle organs and nervous system) |
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Definition
| 20% muscle, 15% organs, 15% nervous system |
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Term
| Whta proportion of each comprise an adult? Muscle, organs and nervous system |
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Definition
| 45% muscle, 10% organs, 3% nervous system |
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Term
| Ocular motor responses are integration of what? |
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Definition
| visual system and motor function |
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Term
| Delays in gross or fine motor skills may predispose a child to what? and may indicate what? |
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Definition
Predisposed to accommodative and sensory integrative anomalies
May indicate refractive conditions or binocular anomalies |
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Term
| What is at the apex of the sensory integrative pyramid and what is at the base? |
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Definition
Apex: Vision
Base: gross motor skills |
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Term
| Gross Motor skills by age |
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Definition
4-5mts: Roll over
5-8mts: sit witout support
7mts: lift head and creep
8-10mts: crawl
9-10mts: stand up and walk with furnature
11 mts: stand up alone and walk with adult help
12mts: Walk alone
15mts: kneel, stand up and throw things
24mts: jump, tiptoe, walk up and down stairs
36mts: accelerate, turn and stop
3.5 yo: alternate steps
4 yo: balance on beam and climb trees |
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Term
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Definition
6 mts: put things in mouth
12mts: pincer grasp
15mts: 2 cube tower
24mts: pick up book, flip pages, 7 block tower
36 mts: feed with spoon, 10 block tower
3-4years: manipulate writing instrument
5yo: cut with sissors |
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Term
| Development of grasping by age |
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Definition
0-4mts: reflex
6mts: grab objects at will
8mts: grab and release objects at will
1 yo: pincer grasp |
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Term
| Stages of visual motor integration by age (drawings) |
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Definition
2 yo- vertical line
2.5yo-horizontal line
2y 9mths- circle
2y10months- copy verticle line
3 years-copy horizontal line and circle
4.1-cross
4.4 oblique line (right to left)
4.6 square
4.7 oblique line (left to right)
4.11 oblique cross
5.3 triangle
5.6 open square and a circle
5.9 asterick
8.1 diamond
10.11 oblique diamond |
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Term
| Who's theories on cognitive development do we follow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Piaget's 4 periods of cognitive developement? |
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Definition
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
concrete operations
formal operations
**Each stage must be mastered to go to the next stage |
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Term
| Sensory Motor period (Piaget) |
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Definition
0-2 years old
Thinking is associated to immediat sensory and moter behavior
Interaction with the object is necessary otherwise the object doesn't exist
Intellectual development is based on assimilation and storage of info
Storing might be most important for recall
Additional information of same object requires extraction |
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Term
| 6 stages of the Sensory Motor period (Piaget) |
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Definition
Stage 1: Reflex activity 0-1 month. Cannot distinguish self from surroundings
Stage 2: Primary circular reaction 1-4 months. Hand mouth coordination, anticipates simple events
Stage 3: Secondary circular reaction. 4-10 months. Imitation, hand eye coordination and increased manipulation of objects
Stage 4: Coordinating secondary schemas: 10-12mts,. Anticipates events at specific times, learned response in different situations
Stage 5: tertiary circular reaction. 12-18mts; Learns from trial and error, uses objects to explore surroundsing
Stage 6: symbolic representation. 18-24mts. Imitate in absens of model, imagination starts to show. Imagination used to represent objects, start to solve problems which indicated "thought" and memory |
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Term
| Preoperational Period (Piaget) |
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Definition
2-7 years old
Suses symbols to represent objects and events. Language and writing
Cannot conceive changes from one state to another
Classifies objects and ideas into categories
Develops understanding of space, time and quantity
No concept of conservation of mass |
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Term
| Concrete operations period (Piaget) |
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Definition
7-11 years old
Can understand sequence of events and how objects change.
Later int he stage, can reverse this thinking
Shows understanding of conservation of mass
Can detach self in order to understand someone else's point of view: DECENTRATION |
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Term
| Formal Operations Period (Piaget) |
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Definition
11-never
75% reach this stage
Not reaching it doesn't mean mental deficiency
Abstract thought is manifest
Thinks about objects, but also thinks about thoughts
Considers several alternaties to solve a problem
Deals with ideas contraty to fact, metaphor or symbols of symbols (codes) |
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Term
| What is essential for the initial stages of language development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When does a child begin to pay attention to sound? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When does a child begin to start babbling? |
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Definition
6mts
First attempts of verbal communication have very little ptich variation |
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Term
| When does a child begin to show understandin of emotion and pitch variations? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child begin to use simple words? |
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Definition
12 months.
1 word sentences: holoprasic speech
Attempts to control environment and actions
Recognizes own name and common activities
Single words are used correctly
Shows understanding of what is being told |
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Term
| When does a child begin to recognize objects by memory and say them? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child begin to follow simple instructions? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many words should a 21 month old know? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should duophrasic speech be reached? |
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Definition
Two word sentences
18-24mts |
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Term
| When does a child begin to start constructing longer sentences? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child begin to use 3-5 word sentences and have a 900 word vocab? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is speech intelligible to other and can narrate a story and have a 1500 word vocab? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is language fluent to understand? Elaborate conversations and when should a child want to learn to read and write? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is emotional development important? |
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Definition
Social integration
development of trust
self worth |
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Term
| When does a child develop attachments? |
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Definition
6 months.
Before this, the child will accept anyone |
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Term
| What happens to kids who don't develop attachments? |
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Definition
| they have social adaptation problems and motor/cogitive developmental delays |
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Term
| When does anxiety, specifically toward strangers develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is attachement optimal, which may lead to separation anxiety? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child have loose attachments and may be more receptive to strangers? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child start to show temper tantrums, fear, and potty training? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a child increase their socialization, develop self esteem, and imitate parental behavior? |
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Definition
3-4 years old
may also show frustration and inability to deal with the rules. Will manifest as physical aggression. |
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Term
| When does a child develop self esteem from attributes, skills, and limitation? |
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Definition
5-7
Highly influenced by external factors
At later stages, self esteem is manifest through subjects behavior |
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Term
| When may a child develop a nervous tic? |
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Definition
6-7 blinking, shoulder shrugs, yawning, throat clearing.
girls may develop closer to 6 an boys, 7 yo |
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Term
| Obsessions are normal in what age group? |
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Definition
7-8
If present after 8, it is usually due to a phobia |
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Term
|
Definition
response to anxiety
Loss of control may be so extreme as where the subject may loose speech, hearing vision and motor skills |
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Term
| Depression in a child is usually due to what? |
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Definition
| Loss of pet or loved one. |
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Term
| Which drug causes a teratogenic effect called phocomelia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Major structural malformations of the fetus typically occur during what trimester? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incidence of drug induced physical malformation in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain drugs accumulate in the neonate, resulting in an exaggerated or prolonged response. What is this phenomenon called? |
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Definition
| Neonatal abstinence syndrome |
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Term
| When used by preggo women, which of the following causes small or gestational age neonates by decreasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Levothyroxine is what category? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which vitamin deficiency can lead to neural tub defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pregnancy category C drugs are assigned to what percentage of drugs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How much folic acid is contained in the otc prenatal vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When would pregnancy Category D drugs be used during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| In life threatening situations or in diseases with no safer alternatives |
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Term
| Which drug can cause a cleft palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| List of drugs with known adverse fetal affects |
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Definition
Antimetabolites
Finasteride/dutasterid (avodart)
Isotrentinoin and retinoic acid
Warfarin
Misoprostol
Live vaccines (rubella)
Iodides
Androgens (and other hormones)
Thalidomides
Alcohol
Penicillamine (cuprimine)
Lithium
Tobacco
Antipelleptic Agents |
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Term
| Risks of not breastfeeding |
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Definition
Increase in necrotizing enterocolitis for preterm infants
Increase in childhood obesity
Increase in materal breast cancer
Increased UTI in infants |
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Term
| Technetium 99 will require a breastfeeding mother to do what? |
|
Definition
| interupt breastfeeding for 15-72 hours |
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Term
| The hormone primarily responsible for mild ejection "let down" is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the condition where an infant should not breastfeed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Considerations for choosing drug therapy in a nursing mother |
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Definition
Age of infant
experience with the drug in infants
relative concentration of the drug in breast milk
Potential long term effects on the infant |
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Term
| When can a mother breast feed after general anesthesia? |
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Definition
| When she is fully awake and able to care for herself |
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Term
| What is the weight adjusted relative infant dose (RID) suggested as theoretically safe for an infant? |
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Definition
<10%
10-20% can be used with caution |
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Term
| What drugs may reduce milk production? |
|
Definition
Estrogen
Metoclopramide
cabergoline
Diuretics |
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