Term
| How does Acanthosis Nigricans manifest? |
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Definition
| Thickened, velvety, hyperpigmented lesions |
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Term
| Acanthosis Nigricans is most often associated with what other conditions? |
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Definition
| Diabetes and obesity, less commonly associated with endocrine disorders, pineal tumors, and occult malignancy |
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Term
| How is Acanthosis Nigricans treated? |
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Definition
| Ammonium lactate cream (Lac-Hydrin 12%), only mildly effective |
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Term
| How does Granuloma Anulare manifest? |
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Definition
| Ring of small, firm, flesh-colored or violaceous papules, associated with diabetes |
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Term
| Granuloma Anulares must be distinguished from what similar disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Granuloma Annulare treated? |
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Definition
| Topical and/or intralesional corticosteroids |
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Term
| What kind of skin changes do you see as a result of diabetes milletus? |
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Definition
| Foot ulcers, acanthosis nigricans, gas gangrene, granuloma annulare, insulin lipidystrophy, necrobiosis lipoidica, yellow nails, perforating disorders, eruptive xanthomas, candida infections, carotenodermia, diabetic bullae, diabetic dermopathy, diabetic thick skin, erythema, external otitis, finger pebbles |
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Term
| What is Kaposi's Sarcoma? |
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue |
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Term
| Describe the epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma |
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Definition
| Classic form seen in elderly men of Jewish, Greek, or Italian descent, linked to herpes virust type 8, typically found on feet or lower legs |
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Term
| What are indications of a case of Kaposi's sarcoma being sporadic? |
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Definition
| Azthioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, and prednisone |
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Term
| Describe AIDS-related kaposi's sarcoma |
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Definition
| Multi-focal, occurs on trunk, head, neck, and oral mucosa |
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Term
| How is Kaposi's sarcoma diagnosed and treated? |
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Definition
| Diagnosed via biopsy and treated with radiation or chemotherapy |
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Term
| How does oral hairy leukoplakia manifest? |
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Definition
| White vertical corrugations, typically on lateral aspect of tongue, may spread to cover the entire dorsal surface or spread onto the ventral surface of tongue, unable to scrape lesion with tongue blade |
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Term
| What causes oral hairy leukoplakia? |
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Definition
| Epstein-Barr virus, usually found in HIV or immunocompromised patients |
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Term
| How is oral hairy leukoplakia treated? |
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Definition
| Topical retinoids, topical podophyllin resin, high dose acyclovir or ganciclovir |
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Term
| How does lichen planus usually manifest? |
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Definition
| Polygonal purplish flat topped papules, occurs on extremities, trunk, and orally, is associated with hepatitis C |
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Term
| How is lichen planus diagnosed and treated? |
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Definition
| Confirmed with biopsy, treated with topical and intralesional corticosteroids |
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Term
| How does adenoma sebaceum manifest? |
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Definition
| Fibrous, flesh0colored, discrete pabules, can be associated with tuberous sclerosis |
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Term
| What is recommended for neonates or children who present with adenoma sebaceum? |
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Definition
| Renal ultrasound and echocardiogram for neonates, neurologic evaluation and/or opthalmologic evaluation may be needed for children, neurosurgery may be required for CNS involvement |
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Term
| How does erythema multiforme manifest? |
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Definition
| Relatively common inflammatory disease, presents with dusky red target lesions, round maculopapules, and/or urticarial plaques, associated with Herpes Simplex infection, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, and acute URI |
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Term
| How is Erythema Multiforme treated? |
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Definition
| Topical staroids and oral antihistamines for most cases, systemic corticosteroids in widespread cases |
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Term
| How does alopecia areata manifest? |
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Definition
| Sudden appearance of non-scarring diffuse or patchy hair loss, typically sharply defined round or oval areas, hair regrows spontaneously and may be accompanied by nail pitting |
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Term
| How is alopecia areata treated? |
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Definition
| Intralesional and topical steroids, Minoxidil and Anthralin may be used, be sure to screen for thyroid disease and pernicious anemia |
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Term
| How does Telogen Effluvium manifest? |
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Definition
| Non-scarring, non-inflammatory alopecia usually occurring 3-5 months following systemic stress, caused by predominance of telogen phase of hair growth |
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Term
| What kind of systemic stress is associated with Telogen Effluvium? |
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Definition
| Pregnancy, crash dieting, physical or emotional stress |
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Term
| How is Telogen Effluvium treated? |
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Definition
| Minoxidil may be helpful in chronic cases |
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Term
| How does Pretibial Myxedema manifest? |
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Definition
| Localized infiltrative dermopathy, scaly thickening and induration of the skin, lesions may be slightly pigmented papule sor nodules and often have an orange peal texture, is a manifestation of Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) |
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Term
| How is pretibial myxedema treated? |
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Definition
| By treating underlying disease. Topical potent fluorinated steroids may also be recommended |
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Term
| What type of skin changes do you see as a result of hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
| Thickening of the epidermis, fast nail growth, soft velvety dry skin, increased pigmentation, increased skin temp, thinned scalp hair, red palms, pruritus and hives (rare), flushed face, pretibial myxedema, increased sweating palms/soles, acropathy (thick fingers and toes) |
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Term
| What type of skin changes do you see as a result of hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
| Cold, scaly, wrinkled skin, dry scalp and hair, anhydrosis, hair loss, skin color change, puffy edema in hands face, eyelids, brittle thick nails, eczema craquele, bruising, poor wound healing |
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Term
| How does Pyoderma Gangrenosum manifest? |
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Definition
| Initial lesion described as pustule or inflamed red nodule that ulcerates, most common sites are lower extremities and abdomen, associated with inflammatory bowel disease and RA |
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Term
| How is Pyoderma Gangrenosum treated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does digital clubbing manifest? |
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Definition
| Softening and periungual erythema of the nail beds, decreased or loss of the normal 15 degree angle that the nail makes with its cuticle, enlargement or bulging of the distal phalanx and curvature of the nails themselves, associated with interstitial lung disease and congenital heart disease |
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Term
| How does cutaneous sarcoidosis manifest? |
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Definition
| Granulomatous disease of uncertain etiology, tpyically red-brown papules or small plaques common around the mouth, nose, and eyes, most patients have respiratory tract involvement |
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Term
| How is cutaneous sarcoidosis confirmed and treated? |
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Definition
| Confirmed with biopsy, treated with topical or intralesional corticosteroids & systemic corticosteroids |
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Term
| What are the dermatological manifestations of pulmonary disease? |
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Definition
| Clubbing, cyanosis, papular sarcoidosis, lupus pernio, subcutaneous nodules, palpable purpura, urticarial rashes, livedo reticularis, ulcerative panniculitis, petechial eruptions, yellow nails |
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Term
| What is the most common cutaneous T cell lymphoma? |
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Definition
| Mycosis Fungoides, caused by clonal proliferation of T lymphocytes and confirmed by skin biopsy |
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Term
| How is Mycosis Fungoides treated? |
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Definition
| 4 stages - 1: Emollients, topical corticosteroids, PUVA or UVB, topical chemotherapy, 2: above + local radiotherapy and interferon alpha-2a, 3: above + low does methotrexate and extracorporeal photophoresis, 4: above + combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy to lymph nodes |
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Term
| How does Dermatitis Herpetiformis manifest? |
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Definition
| Chronic skin disorder characterized by intensely burning pruritic vesicular rash, may evolve to burning urticarial papules, vesicles, and bullae, associated with gluten sensitive enteropathy and autoimmune disorders (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, lymphoma, and IDDM) |
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Term
| How is Dermatitis Herpetiformis treated? |
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Definition
| Topical corticosteroids in mild cases |
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Term
| How doe pruritic urticarial papules and plagues of pregnancy (PUPPP) present? |
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Definition
| Common intensely pruritic dermatosis usually beginning in 3rd trimester, associated with severe striae more common in first pregnancy, no associated complications during pregnancy or delivery and recurrences are rare |
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Term
| How are pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy treated? |
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Definition
| Topical corticosteroids and antihistamines |
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Term
| How does porphyria cutanea tarda manifest? |
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Definition
| Erythema, edema, and vesicles with blisters occuring in sun-exposed areas, results from a deficiency of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, both acquired and familial forms exist |
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Term
| How is the acquired form of porphyria cutanea tarda contracted? |
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Definition
| Associated with liver disease typically secondary to ethanol abuse, hepatotoxic drugs, and hep B and C infections |
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Term
| How is porphyria cutanea tarda treated? |
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Definition
| Avoid hepatotoxins, sun exposure, treated with serial plebotomies and chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine |
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Term
| How does erythema nodosum manifest? |
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Definition
| Panniculitis characterized by pink to dusky red firm nodules with indistinct edges most commonly on the peritibial surfaces, may be due to infection, drugs, malignancies, and inflammatory conditions |
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Term
| How is Erythema Nodosum treated? |
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Definition
| By treating underlying causes, NSAIDS, and potassium iodide |
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Term
| How does dermatomyositis manifest? |
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Definition
| Idiopathic connective tissue disease characterized by proximal muscle weakness and violaceous skin rash prominent on the eyelids, scalp, metacarpophalangeal joints, and bony prominences, associate dwith underlying malignancy |
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Term
| How is dermatomyositis diagnosed and treated? |
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Definition
| Diagnosed by an EMG, muscle biopsy, and blood tests, treated with sun protection, hydroxychloroquine, systemic corticosteroids, and antihistamines |
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Term
| What are the primary lesions of pruritis (itching)? |
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Definition
| Urticaria, scabies, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, insect bites, milaria, dry skin, chicken pox |
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