Term
| Europe has changed because of the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What has changed in Europe after the reformation? |
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Definition
The Renaissance has inspired a questioning attitude
The questioning ttitude inspires overseas exploration |
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Term
| What was the basis for exploration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Spain's excuse for wanting to explore and what where they really after? |
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Definition
| They said they were saving the Indians. But they were really after gold. |
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Term
| What caused armies to get bigger? What advantages did that give to them? |
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Definition
| They were getting more money so they had bigger armies. This gave them the advantage to kill faster and much more. |
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Term
| What weapon was used for the first time during the early exploration period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the printing press? |
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Definition
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Term
| What advantage did the printing press provide? However, what was really spread? |
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Definition
| It spread ideas faster. However, it only spread propaganda most of the time. |
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Term
| Who was the dominant power in the Atlantic during Spain's Catholic Crusade? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the prerogative for the expeditions of Spain? |
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Definition
| They wanted everyone to be catholic |
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Term
| Who was the leader of Spain during the Spanish crusade? |
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Definition
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Term
| Charles V rules what area? What modern day area is this? |
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Definition
| 17 provinces of the Low Country. Currently, Holland and Belgium |
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Term
| Where was Charles V born? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Charles V sympathize with the Low Country? |
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Definition
| He was from there. He spoke their language and knew their culture |
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Term
| Who controlled the low country? What did they have even though they were controlled? |
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Definition
| They were under the control of Spain. However, they had a lot of independence. |
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Term
| When Charles V dies, who becomes king? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Philip II get when his dad died? |
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Definition
| Spain and the Low country |
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Term
| Who was Charles V's brother? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what ways was Philip II a horrible leader? |
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Definition
| He did not speak the language of the Low Country and he wanted them to to do what he wants which is to be catholic and in that area there was a lot of Calvinists and protestants. |
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Term
| What does Ferdinand get when his brother dies? |
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Definition
| The Holy Roman Empire and Austria |
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Term
| Who does Philip II despise? |
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Definition
| The calvinists and protestants |
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Term
| Who is the first person sent in to stop the revolt of the calvinist? |
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Definition
| Duke of Alva. His job is to exterminate the Calvinists. The Council of Blood |
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Term
| Who unites the calvinist in the 17 provinces and low country? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the second person that Philip II sends in to try and stop the revolts? What does he accomplish? |
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Definition
| Duke of Parma. He captures Antwerp and makes the protestants flee to the north |
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Term
| Who helps the protestants? Give two reasons why she helped. |
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Definition
| Elizabeth. She helped because the capital city of Antwerp had been captured and Enland's wool market did a lot of trading through Antwerp. She also did not want to see Philip II make Europe catholic |
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Term
| Give 3 reasons why Philip II and Elizabeth despised each other. |
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Definition
| (1) Elizabeth helped the protestants in a war with Spain (2) Mary Tudor was married to Philip and Mary had tried to impose catholicism on all of Europe (3) Philip didn't want to marry Mary. He loved Elizabeth and Elizabeth denied his proposal. |
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Term
| How were the 17 provinces after Spain's crusade? |
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Definition
| Belgium remains under Spain, but Holland receives its independence |
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Term
| What does Elizabeth do when she finds out about the plot to kill her? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who conspires to have Elizabeth killed? |
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Definition
| Philip and Mary Queen of Scots |
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Term
| What does Elizabeth do when she find out about the plot to kill her? |
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Definition
| She has Mary Queen of Scots (her cousin) beheaded |
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Term
| How does the Pope get involved in the drama between Elizabeth and Philip II? |
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Definition
| He offers Philip a lot of money if he would invade and kill Elizabeth |
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Term
| What happens when Philip II invades Elizabeth's kingdom? |
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Definition
| He uses the Spanish armada to invade England. It's a david vs. goliath battle. The English had small ships and the Spaniards have big ships. But there was a sudden storm in the English Channel called the Protestant Wind that wipes out the Spanish Armada |
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Term
| What happens to England as a result of the war between Philip II |
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Definition
| It rises as a major power in Europe |
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Term
| What religion has a large presence in France? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the calvinist in France called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What family do the hugenots belong to? Describe this family. |
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Definition
| Bourbon family. They are aristocrats and nobility of France |
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Term
| What are the Catholics called in France? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the king of France at the beginning of the French Civil Wars? Who is he married to? |
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Definition
| Henry II. He is married to Catherine de Medici |
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Term
| Henry II and Catherine de Medici had three kids. Name them and inportant facts about them. |
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Definition
Francis II -- died at 17 months old
Charles IX -- gets the throne at 10 years old, however he was basically just a puppet under his mother.
Henry III -- he is gay and no one cares about him. |
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Term
| Who was Henry II's daughter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Charles V want a boy desperately? |
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Definition
| The throne will go to Henry and he doesnt want it to because he is gay. |
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Term
| If the Valois dynasty falls apart, what will happen? Why would this not be ideal? |
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Definition
| The bourbons will take over and this is not good becayse they are protestants. |
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Term
| What does Catherine decide to do with Margaret? |
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Definition
| marry her off to Henry Navarre of the Bourbon family |
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Term
| When Charles dies, who becomes king? What is the problem with this? |
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Definition
| Henry III. He does not want to be king. |
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Term
| What is the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? |
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Definition
| the night before the wedding, a 3rd family comes into the picture. The Guise family. They do not want the marriage to take place. Henry Guise has a member of the wedding party (a hugenot) assasinated. This was a catholic killing a protestant. Everyone goes crazy! Many events like catherine killing 20,000 hugenots takes place that night. |
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Term
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Definition
| a catholic nobility family. |
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Term
| Why do the Guise's not want the marriage between Margaret and Henry Navarre? |
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Definition
| it would be between a catholic and protestant |
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Term
| Why does Catherine go crazy about a catholic killing a protestant? What does she do? |
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Definition
| she will not tolerate disorder in her kingdom. She massacred 20,000 hugenots in one night. |
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Term
| What did the St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do each other Henry's want in the war? |
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Definition
Henry III -- does not want to be king, but Catherine wants him to be king.
Henry Guise -- Catholic, he wants the throne so the hugenots do not get it
Henry Navarre -- protestant and wants the throne |
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Term
| What happens to Catherine in the middle of the War of 3 Henry's? What happens to her son Henry III right after this? |
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Definition
| she dies. He is assasinated |
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Term
| What happened to Henry Guise in the war? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wins the war of three henry's? Who reigns in France? |
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Definition
| Henry of Navarre. The Bourbon family reigns in France. |
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Term
| Even though Henry of Navarre was a _______. He did two things? What were they. |
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Definition
| He was a huguenot. He knew the majority of France (60%) was Catholic so he (1) became catholic (2) issued the Edict of Nantes |
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Term
| What was the Edict of Nantes? |
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Definition
| it stated that outwardly everyone in France had to be catholic but privately could be whatever they wanted |
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Term
| The 30 years war was _____________ |
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Definition
| the most important war of the 17th century |
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Term
| How long was the 30 years war? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where did the 30 years was take place? |
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Definition
| The Holy Roman Empire and Germany |
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Term
| Why did the Peace of Augsburg fail? |
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Definition
| it limited the choice of religion to Lutheran and Catholic, but many princes wanted to be calvinst for the money that it offered. |
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Term
| Who fought in the 30 years war? 2 groups. |
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Definition
| catholics vs protestants. 2 groups could include the Catholic league and the protestant union. |
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Term
| The Catholic League was led by the __________. They hold the throne for ___________. |
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Definition
| Hapsburgs. Holy Roman Emperor. |
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Term
| At the end of the 30 years war, whose power was threatned? |
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Definition
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Term
| What resolved the 30 years war? |
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Definition
| Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. |
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Term
| What is the first phase of the 30 years war? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Bohemian phase begin with? |
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Definition
| the Defenstration of Prague. This triggered the beginning of the war. |
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Term
| What did the Holy Roman Emperor do during the Bohemian Phase that angered protestants? |
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Definition
| he put many restrictions on them. He also closed calvinst and lutheran churches. They were slowly being persecuted |
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Term
| What officially started the 30 years war? |
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Definition
| 2 officials representing the Holy Roman Empire were thrown out of a window by protestants. They land in a pile of shit. |
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Term
| What does the emperor do whenever the catholics are thrown out of the window? |
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Definition
| he decides that he will annihilate the protestants |
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Term
| Who leads the Catholics at the beginning of the 30 years war? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who leads the protestants at the beginning of the 30 years war? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Ferdinand do when Frederick said that he wanted to annihilate the Catholics? What does it cause? |
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Definition
| Calls in the Jesuits. They have the Battle at White Moutain. The protestants are defeated and Bohemia becomes Catholic. |
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Term
| What is the second phase of the 30 years war called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Danish Phase is known as the peak of which side? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Danish phase, Ferdinand becomes _____________ and becomes known as _______________ |
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Definition
| Holy Roman Emperor. He becomes known as Ferdinand II |
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Term
| Where does the Danish phase take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Ferdinand's grand plan during the Danish phase? |
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Definition
| He wants to spread Catholicism into Denmark, which is largely calvinist. |
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Term
| Who does Ferdinand hire during the Danish phase? Who is he and what does he do? Why was this a bad thing? |
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Definition
| Albrecht von Wallenstein. He is a mercenary. He hires mercenary soldiers. This is a bad thing because some catholics are caught in the crossfire and are killed, this divides the catholic forces. This is also a bad thing because mercenaries are only in it for the money and do not have passion for what they are doing. |
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Term
| Who wins during the Danish phase? |
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Definition
| Albrecht and his mercenary forces. Denmark falls under the Catholic rule. |
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Term
| What was issued after the conclusion of fighting during the Danish phase and what effects did it have? |
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Definition
| Edict of Resitution. It enforced that within the Holy Roman Empire everyone had to be either Lutheran or Catholic. |
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Term
| What is phase 3 of the thirty years war called? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Swedish phase, a decline of the ________ are seen |
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Definition
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Term
| Who leads the protestants during the Swedish phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Swedish phase, the catholics are pushed back to _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is killed towards the beginning of the Swedish phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once Adolphus is killed, what do they do? Why? |
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Definition
| Get involved. They had been watching from the sidelines, they want the religion and politics of the Holy Roman Empire to be Protestant because they don't want a catholic rival. They do not want the catholics to be unified. They feared that there would be a catholic resurgence. |
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Term
| What is the fourth phase of the 30 years war called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the king of france during the French phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the king guided by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does France do to help the protestants during the french phase? |
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Definition
| send troops and defeat the Catholics |
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Term
| What solves the 30 Years War? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Peace of Westphalia do? (4 things) |
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Definition
| (1) reinstated the peace of augsburg but added calvinism as an option. (2) marks the end of the catholic reformation. (3) Netherlands and Switzerland receive independence from Spain. (4) The pope may not intervene in political affairs in the Holy Roman Empire (most important) |
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Term
| The Holy Roman Emperor is also the king of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| From the Peace of Westphalia, France receives what? |
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Definition
| They receive land from the Holy Roman Empire, they get Alsace. |
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Term
| What happened to Germany and the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the 30 Years War? |
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Definition
| They are agriculturally destroyed because that is where the bulk of the battles take place |
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Term
| How much of the population of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire is destroyed as a result of the 30 years war? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the 30 years war ends, what is over and what will there not be any more wars over? |
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Definition
| Wars of Religion are over. There will no longer be any wars over religious matters. |
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Term
| Who is victorious from the 30 years war? Who is the dominant world power after the 30 years war? |
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Definition
| France is victorious. They are also the dominant world power at this time. |
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Term
| The invention of the printing press was important because |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most significant ways that the renaissance influenced the reformation? |
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Definition
| It encouraged questioning |
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Term
| There are three phases of the reformation, name them |
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Definition
| Protestant Reformation, English Reformation, and Catholic (counter) reformation |
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Term
| What are three things that cause the reformation? |
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Definition
| (1) decline of the respect for the pope, which began the Great Schism (2) disorders of the Catholic Church which included clerical immorality, married priests, drunk going up for mass, clerical ignorance, clerical pluarlism, clerical absenteeism. (3) John Wycliff and John Huus questioned the Catholic Church |
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Term
| What did John Wycliff and Huuf believe? |
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Definition
| The bible was the sole authority and some things were not mentioned in the bible such as the sacraments |
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Term
| What was the fate of Wycliff and Huuf? |
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Definition
| Huuf was burned at the stake and Wycliff ran away |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a monk who believed in justification through faith alone. |
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Term
| What was justification through faith? |
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Definition
| belief that all you needed to get to heaven was faith |
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Term
| What did the catholic church teach about how to get to heaven |
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Definition
| they believed that you needed faith and good deeds. |
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Term
| Who was Martin Luther's biggest opponent? Why was he a major opponent? |
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Definition
| John Tetzel. Tetzel sold indulgences for the church he even went as far as to make a menu for how much each sin would cost. |
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Term
| What was the 95 Theses? What was done with them? What did they reject? |
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Definition
| 95 criticisms of the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther. They were posted on the front door of the church in the Holy Roman Empire. It rejected transubstantiation. The church declared him a heretic |
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Term
| What happened when the Pope asked Charles V to capture martin Luther? |
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Definition
| The princes of the city-states hid Martin Luther. |
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Term
| Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation period? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the German princes like Martin Luther's ideas? |
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Definition
| they could expand their property and they would get more money because there would be no tithing and no authority for the Holy Roman Emperor. |
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Term
| Unintentionally, Martin Luther started a war called the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Who fought in the Hapsburg-Valois wars? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who came to the aid of the princes in the Hapsburg-Valois Wars and why? |
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Definition
| France. They helped them because they were afraid if the Holy Roman Empire won that they would unify everyone as Catholic. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who puts their beliefs aside to do what is best for the country |
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Term
| What put an end to the Hapsburg-Valois Wars? What did it state? |
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Definition
| Peace of Augsburg. It stated that each German prince could decide what relgion the country would be but it must be either Catholic or Lutheran. |
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Term
| Who won the Hapsburg-Valois Wars? |
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Definition
| France/Martin Luther/ Princes |
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Term
| Why was Martin Luther sucessful when Huus and Wycliff were not? |
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Definition
| he had the german princes and the printing press. |
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Term
| Who was the king of England during the English Reformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was Henry VIII married to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What starts the English Reformation. |
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Definition
| Catherine of Aragon does not have a boy that Henry VIII so desperately needs so he wants to divorce her and marry Ann Boleyn. The pope says no because Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V and he was the Holy Emperor and his troops were surrounded by the pope. The pope was also a relative of Catherine and knew she would be humiliated. |
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Term
| What does Henry VIII do when the pope says that he can not get a divorce? |
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Definition
| He breaks off from the church and creates the Anglican Church, or the Church of England. |
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Term
| What was the act of supremacy? |
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Definition
| the king is the head of the anglican church |
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Term
| Who was the first head of the church of england? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What did the church of england believe? |
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Definition
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Term
| The catholics do not rebel against henry III for three reasons. What are they? |
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Definition
| (1) statue of 6 articles which stated that the doctrine of the anglican church was mostly like the doctrine of the catholic church except for the head of the church. (2) tax/tithing money they like it because the money is staying in the state rather than going to a far off land and to an unknown pope. (3) king seized all catholic property and sold it and used the money to build up the military |
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Term
| why couldnt mary tudor be queen? |
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Definition
| she was promised to dauphin of france |
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Term
| Who ran England after Henry VIII's death? What does he do? |
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Definition
| his 10 year old son, Edward. He was basically a puppet. He makes England more calvinist and protestant |
|
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Term
| who becomes queen after edward? Who is she and what does she do? |
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Definition
| mary tudor. she is catholic, she is known as bloody mary when she kills many protestants in her conquest to make England catholic. |
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Term
| who becomes queen after Mary Tudor's death? Who is she and what does she do? |
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Definition
| Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne Boleyn). She is a politique, protestant, issues elizabethean settlement |
|
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Term
| what was the elizabethean settlement? |
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Definition
| stated that outwardly citizens must be protestant or anglican but privately could do whatever they want |
|
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Term
| what was the catholic reformation? Who was it designed by and what does he do? |
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Definition
| the catholic's response to the protestant reformation. Designed by Pope Paul II, He creates the council of trent |
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Term
| What was decided at the council of trent? (just review what is on the back you do not need to memorize this) |
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Definition
| (1) reaffirmed all catholic teaching and belief (2) created index of forbidden books (3) postitive thing -- made relgion training mandatory (4) Jesuits' goal was to educate and to phsically fight protestants, ordered military fashion and were the instrument of the inquisition (5) negative thing -- Europe was united at one point but it is not politically and relgiously divided. |
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