Term
|
Definition
| process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of organising and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to brain's integration of sensory info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of relationships between physical char. of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psych exp of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background. Assumes there is no single abs threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's exp, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below one's abs threshold for conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| min difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of time (just noticeable difference) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that, to be perceived as diff, two stimuli must differ by a constant min % |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of one form of energy into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance from two adjacent crests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy in light/sound wave, as determined by wave's amplitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjustable opening in center of eye thru which light enters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of eye around pupil and controls size of pupil opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which eye's lens changes shape to focus near/far obj on retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light-sensitive inner surface of eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which nearby obj are seen more clearly b/c distant obj focus in front of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which distant obj are seen more clearly b/c image of near obj is focused behind the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal receptors that are concentrated near center of retina and function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; fine detail and color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point at which optic nerve leaves eye since no receptor cells are located there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central focal point in retina, aorund which cones cluster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (brain functions) |
|
|
Term
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
|
Definition
| theory that retina contains three diff color receptors (red, green, blue) which when stimulated can produce perception of any color |
|
|
Term
| opponent-processes theory |
|
Definition
| theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceiving familiar obj as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the obj |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of complete wavelengths per time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tone's expereinced highness/lowness; depends on frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing hammer, anvil, and stirrup that concentrate the birnation of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear thru which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in hearing, theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in hearing, theory that rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptors' cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device that translates sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve thru electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failing to see visible obj when our attention is directed elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized whole (integrating pieces of info into meaningful wholes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| org of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptual tendency to org stimuli into coherent groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to see obj in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D; allows us to judge distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gibson and Walk - a lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binocular cue for perceiving depth; difference between images from both eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binocular cue for perceiving depth; how inward your eyes are strained toward an obj |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eyes alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceiving obj as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced/inverted visual field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of psych that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physcial environments can be made safe and easy to use |
|
|
Term
| ESP (extrasensory perception) |
|
Definition
| controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic physiological fluctuations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hr cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster in pineal gland that releases light-sensitive retinal proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter that delays sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state (conscious) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling of falling and jerking awake or floating weightlessly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep in stage 4 sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; aka paradoxical sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep at inopportune times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized bt high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during stage 4 sleep, w/i 2-3 hrs of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing thru a sleeping person's mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underlying meaning of a dream |
|
|
Term
| Information processing theory |
|
Definition
| sifts, sorts, and fixes the day's experiences into our memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dreams may provide brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways |
|
|
Term
| Activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
| neural activity is random, and dreams are brain's attempt to make sense of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (repeated awakenings in REM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presumption that mind are body are two distinct entities that interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing |
|
|
