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| poet guide, met in dark forest, |
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| forest, leopard, lion, she wolf |
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| prophecy to a savior and could be allusiong to cangrande |
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| forest, Mary, Lucia, Beatrice (with Rachel), make possible his journey to the after life |
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| before river of Acheron, cowards and fencesitters, endlessly chase empty banner |
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| takes people across river into the underworld |
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| gates of hell, pope celestine V who abdicated his papacy, or it could be pontious pilot |
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| first of the rivers, boundary between cowards and hell proper |
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| limbo, those who are not saved even though they did not sin, virtuous pagans, unbaptized infants, comfortable but without god, classical poets patriarchs |
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| circle 1, welcoming to dante |
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| "master of those who know" leader of other philosophers, Plato and Socrates, influenced albert and thomas aquinas who dante loved, influenced moral structure |
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| lust, sin without malice,tossed and whirled by winds, |
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| "he shakes the urn and calls on the assembly of the silent to learn the lives of men and their misdeeds" long tail, 2nd cirlce |
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| 2nd circle, punished for adultery, giancotto was francesca's husband who killed them both, story causes dante to faint |
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| iramis, dido cleopatra, helen, paris, achilles, tristan |
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| catalyst for francesca's affair with paolo, Gallehaunt helped lancelot and guinevere hide their relationship |
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| gluttony, guarded by cerebus w/ 3 hungry heads lie like pigs in the mire |
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| nickname of poet's gluttonous friend, political prophesy of Dante's exile, speaks of Farinata and other people in hell |
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| last judgement in circle 3 |
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| dante tells ciacco that he won't rise until the sound of the trumpet and arrival of the hostile judge |
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| avarice and prodigality, misers roll stones to crash against each other, common sin of monks and popes, so physically squalid that they are unrecognizable, excessive desire for neutral things versus spending too freely |
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| guards the 4th circle (avarice and prodigality), god of the underworld merged with the god of wealth, |
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| 4th circle avarice and prodigality, "divene minister" angelic intelligence, deifies her, she guides the distribution of earthly goods |
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| wrath and sullenness, styx river forms a marsh holding the openly wrathful who strike and bite one another, sullen lie under the surface of the marsh, end of upper hell |
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| lower circles of hell, walled city, citizens seem prepared for battle, vergil points it our |
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| transports dante and vergil across the styx river in his boat, he set fire to the temple of Apollo because the god raped his daughter, takes them to dis |
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| fights with dante as they are crossing the styx, dante treast him harshly |
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| "raind own from heaven" defend the city of dis |
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| three furies, threaten to call on Medusa (Megaerd Tisiphone, allecto), Dis |
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| rebukes demons so that they can enter lower hell |
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| heavenly messenger talks about how the gates were damaged so the demosn should not be so arrogant |
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| mentioned by heavenly messenger at dis because both went down to the underworld and returned alive |
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| witch, virgil said he was summoned by her to retrieve a soul fro mlower hell, dante the poet tells the story so that virgil seems to be a victim of magic so that he seems to possess magic as well |
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| heresy, lower hell, sins with malice |
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| heresy, circle 6, denied the immortality of the soul, pleasure is the primary goal of life spend eternity with body in burning graves |
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| heresy, 6th circle, great contempt for hell, rises from the waist up, asks dante who is ancestors were, was a member of ghibellines, enemy of dante's ancestors, respect between them, divided florence, shows relationship between family and politics |
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| only his head comes out, 6th circle, heresy, enemy of farinata, obsessed with the fate of his son who he married of for political gain |
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| still alive, Dante's best friend, Dante accidentally gives the impression to his father that he is dead |
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| greek philosopher who esposed the doctrine of pleasure, heresy |
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| heresy, 6th circle, last in line of reigning holy emperors, mentioned by Farinata, first major vernacular movement, 2x excommunicated |
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| Guelphs sided with the pope in florence |
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| visual acuity decreases as events come closer, everyone in hell has this |
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| 3 rings, violence against neighbors=submerged in blood, violence against themselves=people are trees, harpies steal their souls (suicides and squanderers), violence against God 3 kinds, barren plain |
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| 3 zones of circle 7, ring 3 |
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| blasphemers= offended God directly, sodomites=violence against nature,usurers=harm industry, lying on burning sand, running in sand, fir reigns down on them |
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| warrior centaurs who patrol the 7th circle, violence, torture those who violoenty killed otehrs |
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| guards path that is covered in boulders from harrowing down to the 7th circle, beastial rage, killed by theseus |
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| centaur who carries dante across river of blood in 7th circle, |
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| 7th circle, eat leaves off of suicide trees, |
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| poet, sicilian school, falsely accused by frederick II, committed suicide body will not be reunited with the souls but will hang from the trees |
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| powerful warrior king who defies his highest god, pagan, blasphemer, 7th circle, "that which I was in life..." |
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| sodomite, 7th circle, great affection with each other, Dante, , mentor for dante |
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| scorpion tail, image of fraud, carries them from the 8th to the 7th circle, to the river of fraud, honest face, snakelike body |
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| river of hot blood, first rind of 7th circle, dante is carried across by nessus |
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| suicide tree that dante removed a branch from, , trojan prince, story is in the aeneid |
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| recalls ovision of Daniel of decline of humanity, society suffers from too powerful pope, tears that flow from golden head statue are source of all rivers in hell |
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| two classical figures whose reckless flight led to their tragic death, dante thinks of them when flying on geryon between the 7th and the 8th circle |
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| fraud, 10 pouches, misue of reason, people who victimize people with no special relationship, base of an abyss, 10 concentric ditches |
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| pimps and seducers are whipped by horned demons |
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| flatterers are sunk in excrement Thais, a prostitute from the classical tradition who falsely praiser her lover |
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| simony, abuse of power within the churn is a fomr of spiritual prostitution, punishment is reverse baptism, upside down in fonts and baptized by fire, poes here, named after simon magnus the magician |
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| sorcery and fortune telling, punished by haiving their head turned backwards |
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| political corruption, crime for which dante was falsely charged and exiled, buried in pitch and if they try to escape, devils attack them |
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| hypocrites, wear robes like monks that are lined with lead, devils trick vergil, caiphas |
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| leader of the argonauts, quest for golden fleece, seducer, loved and left women, not outward signs of suffering, |
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| simonist pope, 3 bolge, mistakenly believes dante to be boniface, foresees damnation of boniface and clementine V, expanded papal political control and practiced nepotism |
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| demons in bolge 5, led by malecoda |
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| tortured by malebrande in bolge 5, escapes back into pitch by promising to bring others to the surface |
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| bolge 3, thinks gift of conferring the holy spirit can be bought, tries to fly in acts of peter, peter crosses himself and simon crashes |
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| thieves, bit by serpents and combust then ther bodies regenerate so it can happen again, nothing is safe in teh realm of the thieves |
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| evil counselors, hidden in tongues of flames |
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| sowers of discord, promoted scandal and schism, walk around circumference being split in two by sword of a demon |
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| falsifiers/alchemists, corrupt influence on metal, money, identity and truth (alchemists, counterfeiters, imposters, liars), all punished with varying degrees of consumptive diseases |
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| thief, bolge 7, incinerated then reincarnated, black guelph, stole holy objects, tells future political events that are painful for Dante to hear |
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| angry centaur who seeks to punish vani fucci, not with the other centaurs because he stole cattle from hercules, bolge 7 |
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| single divided flame in bolge 8, evil counselors, Greek heroes from war against troy, wooden horse, luring achilles into the war, steeling he palladium, dante has ulysses die in a shipwreck on his voyage to the boundaries of the known world, dante sees this as a warning not to go too far in his pursuit of knowledge |
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| evil counselor, bolge 8, tells his story because he doesn't think that anyone has returned to the world of the living, foxy military leader abandons active life to become a friar, boniface gives him absolution before he commits the sin of destroying bonifaces enemies |
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| bolge 9, sowers of discord, Mohammed's body is split, Ali's face is split |
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| counterfeiter and liar, bolge 10, fight with each other, shows hostility among sinners |
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| snake and human fusing bolge 7, the thieves |
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| Dante brags that he is better than them in the 8th circle |
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| like flames in the 8th bolge |
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| compared ulysses and diomedes flame to flame that arose from their funeral pyre, brothers who killed each other |
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| treachery, caina, anatenora, Ptolomea, Judecca |
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| fraudulent acts against family, Gianciotto, Francesca's husband is here |
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| traitors to country, torjan wo plots w/ greeks to destroy the city=Antenor |
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| traitors to guests, named after Ptolomey, captain of Jericho who invited guests to a banquet and murdered them, soul descended immediately to hell and their living bodies are possessed with demons |
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| traitors to masters, where satan is eating judas, cassius, and brutus |
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| stand on floor of 9 dante mistakes them for towers, defiant rebels, Nimrod, Ephialtes antaeus (carries virgil and dante to the 9th circle) |
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| kicks political traitor in the face, other traitor identifies him, betrayed the guelphs |
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| political traitors, Antenora, imprisoned with sons, possible cannabolism |
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| soul in hell even though body is on earth |
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| lots of names, 3 heads, ugly, |
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| assassinated Julius caesar |
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| head first in satan's mouth |
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| other giants in the 9th circle |
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| frozen lake in the 9th circle |
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