Term
What are the two most common neonatal disease complications? |
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Definition
Diarrhea
Umbilical infections |
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Term
| What is BVD and does it result in diarrhea or umbilical infections? |
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Definition
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Diarrhea |
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Term
| The R___virus also causes diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| The C_____ virus also causes diarrhea. |
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Definition
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Term
| E. Coli, does it cause diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| What about crytosporidia, does it cause diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does salmonella cause diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| C______ P_______ also causes diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| What are umbilical infections called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the neonatal diseases can I catch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 primary risk factors for neonatal calves getting sick? |
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Definition
| strength of immunity, stress levels, and pathogen exposure |
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Term
| What greatly affects the immune system in neonatals? |
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Definition
| Colostrum intake and vaccinations |
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Term
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Definition
| passive transfer of antibodies |
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Term
| Besides housing issues, how else is an isolated calf at exposure risk to pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Don't newborn calves have a complete immune system? |
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Definition
| yes, but it is not fully developed |
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Term
| Do some antibodies come to the calf from the mother via the umbilical cord while in the womb? |
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Definition
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Term
| How immature is a newborn calve's immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 5 things are important in colostrum? |
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Definition
| antibodies, immune cells, casein, fat, vitamins |
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Term
| How do colostrum antibodies get through the rumen wall? |
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Definition
| they don't. They are passively absorbed by the intestinal cells |
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Term
| When does the closure occur that will block out antibodies in the colostrum from getting into the blood of the calf? |
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Definition
| soon after the first thing ingested by the calf, even feces |
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Term
| Do all cows have first colostrums of the same antibody concentration? Which cows will have the best concentration? |
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Definition
no.
Those producing less than 20lbs |
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Term
| Should I pool colostrum from all the cows so to get a decent average? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should I freeze store colostrum? |
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Definition
| yes, if it is in a freezer that allows frost. (doesn't have an auto-defrost) |
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Term
| Does freezing colostrum affect the antibodies, immune cells, casein, fat or vitamins therein? |
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Definition
| it does destroy the immune cells |
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Term
| So when and how much colostrum should I fee the neonatal calf? |
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Definition
| one gallon immediately after calving |
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Term
| But won't colostrum give the neonate diarrhea? |
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Definition
| yes, but it will be significantly less if given within an hour after birth |
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Term
| for colostrum testing, what temperature does the colostrum need to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the floating colostrum tester thing called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what if there is blood or mastitis in the colostrum. How will they affect colostrum testing? Should I be feeding it to the calf? |
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Definition
They will produce false results.
No. |
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Term
| The calving occured in a clean area. What do I need to do to prevent omphalitis? |
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Definition
| dip the navel with 7% tincture of iodine |
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Term
| I can't find 7% tincture of iodine to dip the calf's navel with. What else can I use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do I dip the calf's navel on more than one occasion? |
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Definition
| yes, you repeat for 2-3 days |
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Term
| How do I administer the newborn calf's vaccines? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Early lactation milkings following the first milking of the first colostrum |
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Term
| When do calves get transitional milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| I'm going to have to feed milk replace or pasteurized milk to the calf. How much do I feed the calf of either? |
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Definition
| 10% of the calf's bodyweight |
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Term
| Besides colostrum and transitional milk, what else do I feed the calf the first week? |
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Definition
| free choice calf starter grain/pellets within 4 days |
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Term
What does free choice mean? |
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Definition
| The calf doesn't have to eat it if the calf doesn't want to. The calf is also not restricted. |
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Term
| I hear that controlling flies prevents calf illness. True? |
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Definition
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Term
| I hear keeping the calf's housing clean, dry, and ventilated helps prevent illness. True? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common cause of death in neonatal calves? |
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Definition
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Term
| All I have to feed a calf is milk replacer, non-saleable milk, and pasteurized milk. Which should I use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes diarrhea in calves so deadly? |
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Definition
| It causes dehydration and acidosis |
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Term
| What does acidosis result in with neonates? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is diarrhea most threatening? |
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Definition
| Between the calf's 3rd and 21day of life |
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Term
| How much antibodies do calves need within their first few hours of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long will colostral antibodies live in the gut? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would I care if antibodies can remain in the gut of a calf for 5 days if they can't be absorbed? |
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Definition
| They will actually protect against diarrhea causing pathogens |
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Term
| How are calves protected from gut pathogens that cause diarrhea when they are no longer consuming colostrum? |
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Definition
| As the calf ages, it's body will release antibodies into its gut |
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Term
| Other than dehydration and acidosis, should I have any other concerns upon seeing neonatal diarrhea? |
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Definition
| yes, the possibility of it being caused by a pathogen and it being spread at 10billion organisms per ml of feces |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of Passive Transfer |
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Term
| Why are FPT calves called pathogen multipliers? |
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Definition
| They did not get colostrum antibodies and are prone to illness and able to quickly spread illness via diarrhea. |
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Term
| Can stress cause a neonatal calf diarrhea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a calf's bedding cause it diarrhea? |
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Definition
| wet bedding causes stress which causes diarrhea |
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Term
| M_____ and g____ h_____ also causes calves stress. |
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Definition
malnutrition
group housing |
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Term
| How much colostrum should be fed in the first 2hrs of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the most important factor in prevention of all neonatal diseases? |
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Definition
| That the first colostrum is consumed with the first two hours of life. |
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Term
| Besides minimizing stress, why else should a calving area be clean and dry? |
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Definition
| to control pathogen exposure to the calf |
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Term
| What should be done to/with the cow before she calves, to reduce pathogen exposure? |
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Definition
| she should be cleaned and put in the maternity pen no earlier than necessary |
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Term
| When should one remove the calf from its mother? |
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Definition
| as soon as the calf is dry |
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Term
| Why must a calf be removed from its mother as soon as it is dry? |
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Definition
| to minimize pathogen exposure to the calf |
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Term
| how soon can I put a calf in group housing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 steps do I take to treat calf diarrhea? |
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Definition
1. Hydrate
2. electrolytes (for pH)
3. High caloric intake
4. Free choice water |
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Term
| What 2 things does successful treatment of diarrhea require? |
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Definition
early detection
early intervention |
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Term
| Do I feed a calf milk during diarrhea bouts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do I feed a calf milk even if it is experiencing diarrhea? |
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Definition
| calves have little fat stores and may die without the energy that it can get from the milk |
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Term
| How do I provide a calf electrolytes for pH? |
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Definition
| 2 qts of isotonic electrolyte solution twice a day, if it is a mild case |
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Term
| How do I address the calf's electrolyte needs if the calf is weak or the diarrhea is severe? |
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Definition
| use an electrolyte solution with an alkalizing agent |
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Term
| A calf experiencing severe diarrhea or is weak, gets _qts of ___ and _qts of ___ at mealtime. |
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Definition
2 qts of milk
2 qts of electrolytes |
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Term
| rem, you can use an esophogeal feeder if the calf can't or won't eat |
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Definition
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