Term
|
Definition
1. epthelia
2. connective tissue
3. muscle
4. nerve |
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Term
| four common features of cells |
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Definition
1. surrounded by membrane
2. have zero - many nuclei
3. contain organelles
4. contain inclusions |
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Term
| 2 major components of cell (name the third that some times included) |
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Definition
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. plasmamella/ plasma membrane (sometimes) |
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Term
| four important concepts about plasma membrane |
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Definition
1. not homogeneous
2. constant dynamic flux
3. highly asymmetrical
4. shame of surface is formed by cytosketetal components |
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Term
| thickness of plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| three layers of unit membrane ( and what do they face) |
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Definition
1. inner leaflet - faces cytoplasm
2. outer leaflet - face extracellular environment
3. electron lucent intermediate zone |
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Term
| three components of all cell membranes |
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Definition
1. lipids
2. proteins
3. carbohydrates |
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Term
| what are the 3 membrane lipids? |
|
Definition
1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol
3. glycolipids |
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Term
|
Definition
1. most abundant
2. arranges symmetrically
3. amphipathic |
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Term
|
Definition
1. second major lipid
2. restricts diffusion through membrane
3. reduces membrane fluidity at high temperatures
4. prevents crystallization at low temperatures |
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Term
|
Definition
1. found on outer leaflet
2. cell-cell/matrix interactions |
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Term
| four major membrane phospholipids and leaflet they're on (name the fifth and what it's important in as well) |
|
Definition
1. sphingomyelin - outer leaflet
2. phosphatidylcholine - outside leaflet
3. phosphatidylserine - inside leaflet
4. phosphatidylethanolamine - inside leaflet
5. phosphatidylinositol - important in cell signaling |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a phosphatidylethanolamine is on the outer leaflet |
|
Definition
| cells is signaling for apoptosis |
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|
Term
| what region of the membrane does cholesterol accumulate |
|
Definition
| cholesterol stiffening region, below the polar head groups |
|
|
Term
| what structural attributes help cholesterol perform its functions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| glycolipids are found on what leaflet? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| blood group antigens A, B, & O are examples of what membrane lipid? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| specialized membranes with high concentrations of sphingolipids and cholesterol that associate with different protein or signaling molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three functions of lipid rafts |
|
Definition
1. Membrane sorting and trafficking
2. Cell polarization
3. Signaling molecules |
|
|
Term
| lipid rafts are associated with what diseases? |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimers
2. Parkinsons
3. HIV
4. Bacterial infections
5. cancer - pathogens hijack these to get into cells |
|
|
Term
| Is the lipid raft thicker or thinner than rest of the plasma membrane and why? |
|
Definition
| thicker - longer fatty acid tails |
|
|
Term
| two functions of membrane lipids |
|
Definition
1. responsible for semi-permeable characteristics of membrane
2. serve as signaling molecules - usually phosphorylation involved. |
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|
Term
| ___ perform specialized functions of membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
1. integral proteins - majority; single or multi pass
2. peripheral - associate via ionic interactions |
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|
Term
| examples of peripheral proteins (a) outside of cell and (b) inside of cell |
|
Definition
(a) fibronectin
(b) spectrin |
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|
Term
| Name of method in which integral proteins can be visualized |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 4 things that membrane protein mobility is effected by |
|
Definition
1. self-assembly of proteins into large aggregates
2. interactions with molecules outside of the cell
3. interactions with molecules inside cell - i.e. cytoskeleton
4. interaction with surface proteins of other cells |
|
|
Term
| denervation supersensitivity example |
|
Definition
| If motor nerve is severs, ACh receptors are spread over plasma membrane instead of at motor end plate with a intact nerve |
|
|
Term
| 6 functions of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
1. receptors
2. pumps
3. channels
4. enzymes
5. linkers
6. structural proteins |
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|
Term
| ____ are confined to the outer leaflet and associate with membrane proteins and lipids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| on the cell surface, the carbohydrate component forms the ____ |
|
Definition
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Term
| the glycocalyx consists of __(a)__ ___(b)___ side chains link to most __(c)___ and only some __(d)___ |
|
Definition
(a) polar
(b) oligosccaride
(c) proteins
(d) lipids |
|
|
Term
| glycocalyx are extremely prominent on what cells? |
|
Definition
| those lining the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| four functions of glycocalyx |
|
Definition
(1) trapping and digestion of molecules
(2) cell-cell recognition in development and immune response
(3) cell-cell communication
(4) protection of cell surface |
|
|
Term
| 5 general functions of plasmalemma |
|
Definition
1. preserves cell's integrity
2. permeability
3. conduction of action potential (nerve and muscle)
4. respond to external stimuli
5. contains receptors for cell-cell/matrix interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
|
|
Term
Basic morphology of nucleus
(a) shape
(b) size
(c) number per cell
(d) location
(e) DNA content
(d) DNA complexed with proteins = ______ |
|
Definition
(a) round, ellipsoid, unfolded, lobulated
(b) varies
(c) none - multi
(d) central, basal, eccentric
(e) haploid, diploid, polyploid
(d) chromatin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. nuclear envelope
2. nuclear pores
3. nuclear lamina
4. chromatin
5. nucleolus |
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|
Term
| three components of nuclear envelope ( and faces where) |
|
Definition
1. outer nuclear membrane - faces cytoplasm
2. inner nuclear membrane - faces nuclear matrix
3. perinuclear cisternae - space between two |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. faces cytoplasm
2. continuous and shares biochemical and functional properties with rER
3. CAN have ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. faces nuclear matrix
2. distinct from outer NM and rER
supported by nuclear lamina |
|
|
Term
| inner and outer nuclear membranes are continuous where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. channels between nucleus and cytoplasm
2. small polar molecules, ions, proteins, and RNA can pass
3. larger molecules (RNA, ribosomal subunits and proteins) are transported by active transport |
|
|
Term
| number of pores per nucleus corresponds to ___ |
|
Definition
| cell's metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cylindrical shape
outer diameter - 120 nm
inner diameter - 70-80 nm
maximum size of passive transport - 9 nm |
|
|
Term
| arrangement of proteins surround a pore between the inner and outer nuclear membranes |
|
Definition
| Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) |
|
|
Term
| subunit of nuclear pore complex |
|
Definition
| nucleoporins - 700 - 1000 polypeptide proteins |
|
|
Term
| structure of Nuclear Pore Complex |
|
Definition
(1) 8 protein subunits consisting of (a) annular subunits and (b) column sub units
(2) two rings - one nuclear and one cytoplasmic
(3) luminal subunit - anchors 8 protein subunits
(4) protein filaments to rings - nuclear cage
(5) central granule or plug - aka central transporter |
|
|
Term
| 6 functions of Nuclear Lamina |
|
Definition
1. gives shape and stability to nuclear envelope
2. organize interphase nucleus
3. structural link between chromatin and nuclear envelope
4. dissolution and reformation of nuclear envelop during cell division
5. organizing cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| Is mutations of Lamin A or Lamin B surivable? |
|
Definition
| Lamin B mutations are survivable |
|
|
Term
| Location of the nuclear lamina |
|
Definition
| between inner nuclear membrane and peripheral heterochromatins |
|
|
Term
| components of nuclear lamina |
|
Definition
| lamins form dimers that associate heat to tell and side by side |
|
|
Term
| what causes dissolution of nuclear lamina during mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progeria is (a) what and (b) cause by a mutation in what? |
|
Definition
(a) children aging really quickly
(b) Lamin A mutation |
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|
Term
| What component of the Nucleus is a complex of DNA, histone and non-histone proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of chromatin in the interphase nucleus? |
|
Definition
(1) heterochromatin - electron dense portions; not being transcribed
(2) euchromatin - uncoiled that are being transcribed. |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of packaging of chromatin in nucleus |
|
Definition
(1) nucleosome -
(2) 30nm DNA threads
(3) Chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) 11nm wide "beads on a string"
(2) 8 proteins - 2pairs of 4 types of histones
(3) DNA makes 1.75 turns around october
(4) string is linker DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclesomes form by coiling 6 nucleosomes per turn of coil
are bounded by another type of histone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
number of chromosomes in somatic cell
(b) species specific
(c) humans have 46 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standard map of banding pattern of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly coiled extra x chromosome that is inactive. looks like drumstick in light microscopy |
|
|
Term
number of chromosomes in
(a) diploid
(b) haploid
(c)polyploid
(d) aneuploidy
(e) trisomy
(d) monosomy |
|
Definition
(a) 46
(b) 23
(c) more than one complement of chromosomes
(d) any deviation from the normal number
(e) third chromosome of one type
(d) absence of membrane of a chromosome pair |
|
|
Term
diseases from aneuploidy - give altered chromo
(a) down's syndrome
(b) klinefelter's syndrome
(c) turners syndrome |
|
Definition
(a) 21
(b) xxy (47 vs 46 total )
(c) absence of sex chromosome |
|
|
Term
| component of nucleus that is the site of ribosomal transcription an synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear organizing regions |
|
Definition
(a) regions of 10 interphase chromosomes that contain genes that encode rRNA and reorganize nucleoli
(b) 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) pale staining region - fibrillar center
(2) pars fibrosa - dense fibrillar region
(3) pars granulosa - granular component |
|
|
Term
| Difference between RNA and DNA |
|
Definition
(1) RNA uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
(2) uracil instead of thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) mRNA - amino acid coding region
(2) tRNA - transfers amino acid to ribosome
(3) rRNA - forms ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) Large subunit (60s) of - 5S, 5.85S, and 28S
(2) small subunit (40s) of 18S and 33 proteins |
|
|
Term
| 3 events of ribosome synthesis occurring in nucleolus |
|
Definition
(1) transcription of rDNA to pre-rRNA
(2) association of pre-rRNA with ribosomal proteins to form ribonucleoproteins
(3) cleavage of pre-rRNA into 28s, 18s, and 5.8s |
|
|
Term
| which part of the ribosome is NOT synthesized in the nucleolus |
|
Definition
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