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| A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson |
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| 1881 work which outlined the unfair treatment by the US government against American Indians. |
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| Invented by Joseph Glidden. Used by western farmers to fence in livestock. Helped bring about the end of open-ranging and the long drive. |
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| Battle of Little Big Horn |
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| June 1876 battle in which Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull killed General George Custer and all of the men under his command. |
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| Democratic and Populist presidential candidate for the Election of 1896. Supported by the farmers; advocated a bimetal (silver and gold) currency as stated in his “Cross of Gold” speech. His defeat marked the end of the Populist party. |
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| Black federal soldiers who were sent west to fight Indians. So-named by the Indians because they believed their hair was like that of the buffalo. |
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| Leader of Nez Perce Indians in Northeastern Oregon. Forced to flee US troops in 1877; finally surrendered before his band was able to reach Canada. “I will fight no more forever.” |
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| manny Chinese came to America with the 1849 California Gold Rush; many then returned to China. Those who stayed helped build the Transcontinental Railroad; worked so hard railroad owners recruited Chinese to come to America and work. |
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| Alliance for black farmers. Boasted about 250,000 members at the peak of Populism. |
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| arge deposit of gold and silver discovered in Nevada in 1859. |
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| William Jennings Bryan 1896 speech in which he professed his belief in a bimetal standard of currency. |
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| Farmers’ groups established during the time of Populism in which farmers pooled their resources to purchase goods at wholesale prices (non-profit groups). |
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| Paper currency issued during the Civil War in the amount of $450 million. Supposed to be able to redeem for gold in the future; controversy arose as to how greenbacks would be traded. |
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| 1862 law in which 160 acres of land in the West would be given to any head of household citizen (or intended citizen) if he would cultivate the land for five years. |
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| Attempt to control a market by purchasing all competition that deals in providing the same good or service (monopoly). |
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| Interlocking directorates |
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| Method of forming a monopoly or trust in which board members of one corporation sat on boards of other corporations. |
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| 1887 act that established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
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| name to the US in large numbers beginning in the mid-19th century because of the Irish potato famine. Resented Civil War Draft laws which made them feel they had to fight a war in which they didn’t believe. |
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| Religious group started in New York by Joseph Smith 1827, later led by Brigham Young to Utah. |
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| Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 |
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| Gave federal land to the states to establish agricultural colleges. |
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| National Farmer Alliances |
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| Groups dedicated to educating farmers on topics ranging from the latest farming method to land ownership. |
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| Indians in Northeastern OR forced to flee US troops in 1877. Leader Chief Joseph finally surrendered before his band was able to reach Canada. |
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| Initiated by the 1889 land giveaway of two million acres in Oklahoma. |
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| Populist party platform before the Election of 1896. |
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| Major 3rd party movement calling for business regulation, coinage of silver (free silver) – see William Jennings Bryan. |
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| Location at which the Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. |
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| Method used by railroad companies to charge farmers high shipping prices. |
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| Invention that allowed the transportation of perishable items over long distances. Vitally important to the meat-packing industry. |
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| Roles of African Americans |
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| Slaves, may have accompanied masters on westward journeys. Emancipated slaves went west on their own (Exodusters). |
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| many came to California for the 1849 Gold Rush. Important laborers on the Transcontinental Railroad. |
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| Came to the US in large numbers beginning in the mid-19th century because of the Irish potato famine, resented Civil War Draft laws which made them feel they had to fight a war in which they didn’t believe. |
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| crontier life hard on women: expected to cook clean, make and mend clothes, give birth to and raise children, help at harvest time. |
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| Col. John Chivington in 1864 in Colorado killed 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors and 500 of their women and children. |
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| Founder of the Mormon religion in 1827. Killed by a lynch mob in Illinois in 1844. |
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| Houses built of sod by settlers on the Great Plains because no timber. |
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| Largest of the Populist Farmers’ Alliances. |
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| Invented by John Deere. Allowed farmers on the Great Plains to more easily plow through the tough, dry soil. |
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| Started by Oliver Hudson Kelly in 1867 as the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that was originally used as a social outlet, but later spent time and efforts fighting railroads. |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| Railroad that linked the continent from East to West, joined at Promontory, Utah, in 1869. |
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| Process in which a company buys out all of its suppliers in an effort to control raw materials and transportation systems. |
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| Structure used on the Great Plains that brought underground water to the surface for irrigation. |
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| 1890 South Dakota battle between the 7th Cavalry and Sioux Indians, 300 unarmed Indians slaughtered, brought the Indian wars to an end. |
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| Mormon who assumed a leadership position among Joseph Smith’s followers after Smith was killed by a lynch mob in Illinois in 1844. Led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake in Utah. |
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