Term
| anthropological perspective |
|
Definition
| the approach to social research that seeks to understand culture from the point of view of the people within that cultural context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the holistic study of humankind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of anthropology in which the practitioners use anthropology in the service of particular social concerns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of material artifacts to understand a people's culture and society, usually in the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the description, interpretation, and analysis of similarities and differences in human cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term used to refer to the subjective experience of difference at the cultural level; identifying "us/me" and "them/you" through cultural symbols and markers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the approach to archaeology that combines the analysis of material life with information taken from contemporary populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anthropology's hallmark research method, based upon the anthropologist's direct experience in a culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purposeful, documented conversation with research participants that may be formal or informal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rich description and analysis of a culture that includes the anthropologist's experience of "being there." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rigorous method of extracting artifacts from underground; the primary data collection method of archaeologists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of interview in which small groups of people are asked to discuss a particular topic while the anthropologist takes notes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expression referring to a phenomenon in which an anthropologist fully affiliates with the culture being studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that all parts of human life - from birthing practices to the economy to warfare to art - are interconnected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interview or series of interviews that document the trajectory of a single life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the subfield of anthropology devoted to the study of language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagramming geographical space or human interpretation and use of space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Native American group known for their burial mounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to research that combines participation and observation in various ways to optimize understanding of the culture being studied. |
|
|
Term
| physical (or biological) anthropology |
|
Definition
| the study of human anatomy, nonhuman primates (primatology), and human origins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of nonhuman primates |
|
|
Term
| qualitative research methods |
|
Definition
| interpretive approaches that use participant observation, interviews, document analysis and other methods to understand the nature and meaning of phenomena. |
|
|
Term
| rapid ethnographic assessment procedures (REAP) |
|
Definition
| the time-compressed use of focus groups, ethnographic interviews, mapping, and other methods within a framework of participant observation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship of conversational ease with individuals and groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a standardized set of questions applied to numerous individuals or places. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early anthropologists who gathered data from travelogues and books rather than from their own direct research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that cultural practices and beliefs are best understood in relation to the entire context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one culture is more enlightened, advanced, civilized, or intelligent than another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total way of life of a group that is learned, adaptive, shared and integrated. |
|
|
Term
| epistemological relativism |
|
Definition
| the belief that the validity of knowledge itself is limited to the context in which it was produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of one's own culture to measure another's, putting one's own culture (ethno) at the center (centrism) of interpretation and typically devaluing the other culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that all humans originate from a single creation of God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that something is only right or wrong according to context-specific criteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that various groups of humans appeared on earth or were created separately. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that humans are organized into race groupings that are different from one another in intelligence and worth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that one's own way of life is just normal, not cultural. |
|
|
Term
| unilinear cultural evolution |
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intense, irrational dislike of people from other countries or cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anthropological theory that teaches that culture can be understood in terms of how people adapt to an interact with the natural environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a postmodern theory that draws on Karl Marx's concepts of power, inequality, and class struggle to understand cultural change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory that understands culture as driven by the material, ecological, and economic adaptations humans make. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural artifacts or activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory stating that cultural traits spread from more advanced to less advanced societies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that scientific theories cannot be proven, only falsified. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contemporary theory that highlights the importance of including women's presence in cultural analysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that says culture develops in response to human needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rich description of a particular case. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief that all that exists are the natural phenomena that can be touched, seen, or otherwise physically experienced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a generalization, a natural law that predicts and explains culture change and human behavior. |
|
|
Term
| perspectivalism (or standpoint theory) |
|
Definition
| an anthropolical theory that highlights the positionality of knowledge, that is, knowledge is generated by a knower who is positioned in a particular place and time and who reflects a specific and limited perspective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to anthropology that involves seeking universal, nomothetic explanations based on empirical evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an umbrella term for theories built on the premise that positivist or so-called objective views of human phenomena are inherently limited, and that they are therefore not unbiased in the ways proponents believe them to be. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inclusion of the anthropologist's perspective and experience in ethnographic writing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anthropological theory that teaches that culture is rooted in the human drive for evolutionary advantage and genetic survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that says the functions of particular beliefs or behaviors may be understood in terms of their support of social order and cohesion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anthropological theory that teaches that human biology, specifically brain structure, drives culture. |
|
|
Term
| symbolic anthropology (also called interpretive anthropology) |
|
Definition
| an approach to anthropology that views culture as a system of symbols that people create, alter, and share with each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal description of some phenomenon in the world that explains how that thing works. |
|
|
Term
| unilinear cultural evolution |
|
Definition
| an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitting the gospel with the language, idioms, customs, and traditions of the culture so that Christianity becomes organically woven in with the context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of ethnographic techniques to learn about the community where a church is located, the demographics of church members, and the social and spiritual needs of both communities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group within a larger culture that defines itself (or is defined by others) in opposition or in distinction to the majority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gender status in the Philippines that involves a natal man dressed as a woman. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natal man who dressed as a woman, or a man born with ambiguous genitals. This ancient social role in the Philippines was understood to result in specialized access to spiritual power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long garment covering every bit of a woman's body, including her eyes. |
|
|
Term
| female circumcision (or Female Genital Mutilation [FGM]) |
|
Definition
| a cultural practice that involves removal of part or all of a girl's genitalia and may involve the surgical closure of her vagina until she is married. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what it means to be male or female in a particular culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of expectations regarding proper behavior and appearance for a particular gender. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of learning how to act according to the gender norms of a culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a position a person can occupy in the social order that is directly related to maleness or femaleness. Gender status is usually ascribed. English-language gender statuses are girl, boy, man, and woman. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people born with ambiguous genitals due to a variety of biological conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an exchange system around the chain of Trobriand Islands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the seclusion of women from public view |
|
|
Term
| sex (or sexual dimorphism) |
|
Definition
| biological maleness or femaleness, usually given at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of cultural meanings about sexuality and the social practices of sexuality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an element of some sexual cultures, the intentional sense of having a sexual desire which your social identity is built. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a culturally constructed expression of sexuality and gender roles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes biological sex, but also refers to human sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gender other than man or woman. |
|
|
Term
| two-spirit (also berdache) |
|
Definition
| a Native American social role in which a person dressed as the other gender and performed the work of the opposite gender or both genders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of keeping particular forms of speech separate in one's life, using one in one setting (with friends or peers) and another in another setting (in the classroom or on the job). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of language formed when speakers of different languages combine their languages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of specific features of individual languages, such as patterns of grammar and sounds, as they exist at a given moment in time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an element that is common to all languages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies that focus on change over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct but mutually intelligible forms of a single language. |
|
|
Term
| ethnosemantics (or ethnoscience) |
|
Definition
| the study of the culturally and linguistically specific ways people make sense of the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rules that people use to organize their speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how languages develop and change over time and how different languages are related to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of verbal and nonverbal symbols used to communicate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of languages that derive from a common ancestor language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system by which some languages or dialects have ranked political, economic, and social status. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explanation of the general nature of language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the morphemes of a particular language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patterns and structures of words in a language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of language to promote nationalist ideologies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| units of language that carry meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language sanctioned by a ruling body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain qualities applied to particular words, such as volume, tone or emphasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of societies through their texts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sounds available in any particular language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of all possible structures and sounds humans use in language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of language sounds, including phonemics and phonetics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language formed when speakers in a multilingual context use a simplified form of one language (often a colonial language) as a common language across a region or group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ancient language from which all the members of a particular language family are derived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accent and word choice related to geography. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypothesis that posits that language shapes people's perceptions, thoughts, and views of reality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of speaking connected to class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of speaking related to a specific setting such as a sporting event, institution of higher learning, or religious community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how language is used by people in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of language that says all languages share an underlying binary structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that stands for something else. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies that focus on a given moment in time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the order in which morphemes appear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subsistence system that requires constant and intensive use of permanent fields for plant cultivation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strategic use of several modes of subsistence at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of exchange in which roughly equivalent goods or services are exchanged immediately, or within a relatively short amount of time, with or without the use of money. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all living things, plants and animals, contained in and supported by a particular area of land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how people meet needs through production, exchange, and consumption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the death of a culture when its members shift to a different way of life, even as the people group survives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social processes by which people give and receive goods and services. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| splitting a group into numerous smaller groups. A practice used by foragers to maintain group size and reduce interpersonal conflict. |
|
|
Term
| foraging (or hunting and gathering) |
|
Definition
| a subsistence strategy based on gathering plants that grow wild in the environment and hunting available animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of exchange involving gift exchanges with no precise accounting of value and no precise expectation for type or time of return. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systematic killing of most members of a culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subsistence strategy in which people cultivate varieties of wild or domesticated crops, primarily for their own use, using relatively little technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of pastoralism that involves moving animals in response to food and water supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subsistence strategy based on the use of domesticated herd animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of redistribution and exchange traditionally practiced by Pacific Northwest Native American groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any human action intended to convert resources in the environment into food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural understanding that some family or person has a right to the land and crops into which labor has been invested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of exchange in which a centralized authority collects goods and services from a group of people and redistributes them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growing food exclusively, or at least primarily, for consumption by one's own family or group. |
|
|
Term
| subsistence strategy (or mode of subsistence) |
|
Definition
| a culturally created means of securing food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic theory that teaches that economic behavior and motivations vary by culture. |
|
|
Term
| swidden farming (or shifting cultivation, or slash-and-burn) |
|
Definition
| a form of horticulture involving the clearing and burning of a section of forest for cultivation, and after some time, moving on to a new forest space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of moving herds seasonally between high meadows in the summer and human settlements in the winter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an understanding of property rights in which a plot of land 'belongs' to the person or family using it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatives created through marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of cognatic descent system in which individuals choose a lineage upon adulthood (often marked by marriage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of cognatic descent system that traces relatedness equally through both the mother's and the father's lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a duty of the groom to work for the bride's kin for a certain period of time before or after marriage. |
|
|
Term
| bridewealth (also called brideprice) |
|
Definition
| an amount of money, possessions, or property given by the groom and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after the wedding. |
|
|
Term
| cognatic (also called nonunilineal) descent |
|
Definition
| a system of descent that reckons identity through both maternal and paternal ancestors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatives related by birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a preference for marriage between cross cousins. A cross cousin is the child of one's mother's brother or father's sister. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social rule that assigns identity to a person based on her or his ancestry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of a bride's family providing resources, wealth, or gifts to the groom and his family upon marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through both the mother's and father's lines. The person belongs to two separate families. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship relationships that are real but not based on marriage or descent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prohibition against marriage or sex between two categories of related persons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which people selectively interpret the common human experiences of reproduction and nurturance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a publicly recognized social or legal union that creates a socially sanctioned context for sexual intimacy, establishes (in whole or in part) the parentage of children, and creates kinship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of exchanging material resources between families before, at, or after a wedding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through the female line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that only one parent (usually the father) creates life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of a newly married couple living separate from both partners' parents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a preference for marriage between parallel cousins. A parallel cousin is the child of one's parent's same-sex sibling (mother's sister's child or father's brother's child). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through the male line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands. |
|
|
Term
| polygamy (also called plural marriage) |
|
Definition
| a form of marriage in which one person is married to two or more other persons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the marriage of one man to two or more wives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| priority of the firstborn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a faction within a lineage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of referring to adults with children as the mother/father of the child in place of the parent's given name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a descent system that traces relatedness exclusively or predominantly through one parent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of a newly married couple living with or near the bride's family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a status that a person chooses or becomes associated with due to behaviors or skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a status given to an individual through no choice or action of her or his own; it is a status granted by circumstances of birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tightly bounded social group based on family background. Caste systems assign individuals to a position at birth and mobility between castes is restricted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cultural category describing how people are grouped according to their positions within the economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural knowledge, including linguistic skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a category based on the sense of group affiliation derived from a distinct heritage or worldview as a "people." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that race is inherited from one's ancestors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cluster of statuses organized around a common focus, such as education, law or art. |
|
|
Term
| instrumentalism (or constructivism) |
|
Definition
| the idea that ethnicity changes with people's interests and context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the status that tends to be most important in shaping a person's life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system in which it is possible for people to move from one class to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to influence others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social affirmation and approval given to some members of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that ethnic identity, like race, is a naturally occurring and immutable feature of human life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cultural category that divides the human race into subspecies based on supposed biological differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prescribes expected or required behaviors for those who occupy a particular status. |
|
|
Term
| role conflict (or role strain) |
|
Definition
| the stress that occurs when the behavioral expectations from various roles come into play simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the differential access to economic resources, political power, or social prestige that results from social stratification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organization of people into ranked groups, or hierarchies, based on particular characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| social structure (also called social organization or social order) |
|
Definition
| the ways people coordinate their lives in relation to one another at the level of society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any position a person may occupy in the social structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic status, or access to economic resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social group consisting of people of the same sex and similar age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right granted to exercise power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most ancient political system, in which power and authority are organized in informal, decentralized ways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of political organization involving an inheritable office, often passed through a family line, in which power adheres to the occupant of the office rather than being a product of his or her individual gifts, abilities, or qualities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of force, legitimate or illegitimate, whether by individuals or groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ideology or movement that challenges a reigning hegemony. |
|
|
Term
| formal negative sanctions |
|
Definition
| fines or other punishments meted out for breaking official rules. |
|
|
Term
| formal positive sanctions |
|
Definition
| official rewards for socially desirable behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social sanctions that are approved or delivered by institutions holding official power. |
|
|
Term
| hegemonic power (or hegemony) |
|
Definition
| the dominance of ideas or culture, such that imbalances of power or other inequalities are maintained. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive or negative actions or words intended to shape behavior. Informal sanctions are not approved or delivered by official organizations such as a government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| within a centralized form of government, a small group holding power over the majority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distribution, understanding, and use of power in social groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the responses, positive and negative, that people receive for their behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly centralized form of political organization in which authority rests in institutions and offices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decentralized political system usually associated with horticultural and pastoral modes of subsistence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in plants, animals, elements of nature, or even all of creation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that no god or supernatural being(s) exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theoretical approach that emphasizes ways in which humans adapt to the material conditions in which they live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an item though to carry spiritual power, such as a rabbit's foot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rites of passage that move a person from childhood to adulthood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second phase of a rite of passage, placing the initiate in a space that is "betwixt and between" the old identity and the new identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spiritual force that imbues all living things, a belief that is part of some animistic religions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any story with sacred significance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief in many gods and/or goddesses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the third stage of a rite of passage in which the initiate is welcomed back to the community in his or her new identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men [and women] by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic (taken from Clifford Geertz). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rituals in which elements of society, belief, values, or behaviors are made more dramatic, intense, or real than in normal life. |
|
|
Term
| rites of passage (or life-cycle rituals) |
|
Definition
| rituals that transform a person or people from one life stage to another. |
|
|
Term
| ritual (also called a rite) |
|
Definition
| any patterned, repeated, predictable action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first phase of a rite of passage, involving symbolically or physically separating those going through the transition from their old identities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evil done by a person who intended for it to happen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object, sound, action or idea to which people assign arbitrary meaning; that is, there is not necessary relationship between the symbol and its meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior, artifact, or symbol that must be avoided in order to evade harm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evil done by a person without her or his awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| religion that involves local leaders with a prophetic message from ancestral or other spirits promising wealth ("cargo") to the followers of the new religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ways in which culture and ideology became the means of colonial control, asserting widespread influence over dominated populations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transmission or concepts, creations, and even cultures into goods that can be bought and sold, given and received. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural practice of combining and assigning new meaning to previous beliefs, practices, or ideas. The emergence of a new cultural form out of two or more existing ones, leaving both forms changed without erasing the old. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of separating the colonial meanings, associations, or imprint from a colonial cultural practice or artifact and reimagining the practice or artifact as a local, indigenous phenomenon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that globalization results in some states becoming dependent on others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transnational movement of people, ideas, goods, and images that results in a disassociation between the people or things and the place from which they originate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a population living outside its traditional homeland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anthropology done in the nation of which the anthropologist is a citizen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the integration of local, regional, and/or national production, exchange, and culture into a global system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a place where two or more cultural contexts overlap and intersect, creating a new, generally ambiguous cultural context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural practice of translating ideas, artifacts, or behaviors from elsewhere into localities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that all societies move through stages of economic, political, and cultural development toward becoming industrialized, democratic, and "modern." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research that involves ethnographic fieldwork in two or more places, or studying a group that, by definition, does not have a specific place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "new colonialism" meaning that a nation or people is essentially a colony of another nation, despite the absence of direct or formal political control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political and economic philosophy rooted in neoclassical economic theory emphasizing free market and democratic institutions as the path to human flourishing and economic development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cultural and economic legacy of colonialism, including ongoing relationships between former colonies and colonizers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitudes and behaviors of dominated people, as well as instances of rebellion or revolution, that thwart, or try to thwart, an oppressor's power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes people who move and live between two or more nations, or people who maintain cultural beliefs, practices, products, and networks connected to their homeland. |
|
|
Term
| westernization (also called McDonaldization) |
|
Definition
| a form of cultural homogenization in which Western cultural norms replace local culture, resulting in the loss of cultural diversity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that the world may be conceptualized as a system of nations placed in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of an interconnected global economy. |
|
|
