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Definition
| a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive |
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| the cultivation of crops with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes |
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| a system, or functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it |
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| the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their environments |
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| the ethnocentric notion that humans are moving forward to a higher, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection |
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| in cultural evolutino, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditinos by different people with different ancestral cultures |
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| in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike |
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| a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life |
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| concerns a particular technology and its relationship with certain environmental features |
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| cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making its living--including food-producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment |
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Definition
| hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods |
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| the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting tehniques |
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| density of socail relations |
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| the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp |
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Definition
| the profound culture change associated with the early domestication of plants and animals |
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Definition
| an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetatoin is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes |
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Definition
| crop cultivation using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnassed draft animals |
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Definition
| breeding and managing of herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, or camels |
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| among pastoralists, the grazing of animals in low steppe lands in winter and then moving to high pastures on the plateaus in summer |
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| the kinds of urban settlements that are characteristic of nonindustrial civilizations |
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| a means of producing, distributing, and consuming goods |
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| tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them |
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| a societal obligation of compelling a family to distribute goods so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else |
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Definition
| the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties |
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| a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified |
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Definition
| a mode of exchange in which the giving and receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery |
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| a form of exchange in which the giver tries to get the better of the exchange |
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| a form of barter in which no verbal communication takes place |
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| a form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand people who inhabit a large ring of islands in teh southern pacific off the eastern coast of papua new guinea, and other melanesians |
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| a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated |
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| a term coined by Thorstein Verblen to describe the display of wealth for social prestige |
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| a ceremonial event in which a village cheif publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth |
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| creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige through a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts |
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Definition
| the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand |
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| anything used to make payments for other things (goods or labor) as well as to measure their value; may be special purpose or multipurpose |
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Definition
| the production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation, or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing |
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Definition
| a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in laws. rights include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, child rearing, exchange, and status |
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| relatives by birth; so called blood relatives |
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| the bond between two individuals who are married |
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| the prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent child and sibling relations at a minimum |
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| marriage within a particular group or category of individuals |
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| marriage outside the group |
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| marriage in whic both partners have just one spouse |
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Definition
| marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time; a form of polygamy |
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Definition
| marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another |
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Definition
| a marriage custon according to which a widow maries a brother of her dead husband ( a man marries his dead brothers widow) |
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Definition
| a marriage custom according to which a widower marries his dead wife's sister (a woman marries her deceased sister's husband) |
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Definition
| a marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession |
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Term
| patrilineal parallel cousin marriage |
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Definition
| marriage of a man to his fathers brothers daughter, or a woman to her fathers brothers son |
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Term
| matrilineal cross cousin marriage |
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Definition
| marriage of a woman to her fathers sisters son, or a man to his mothers brothers daughter |
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Definition
| compensation the groom or his family pays to the brides family upon marriage |
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Definition
| a designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family |
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Definition
| payment of a womans inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband |
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Definition
| the family into which someone is born or adopted and raised |
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Definition
| the family that is formed when someone becomes a parent and raises one or more children |
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Definition
| the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out |
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Definition
| a family formed on the basis of marital ties |
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Definition
| related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring |
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Definition
| a married couple raising children together from their previous unions |
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Term
| new reproductive technologies (NRTs) |
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Definition
| an alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization |
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Definition
| a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a step parent, step siblings, and adopted children |
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Definition
| several closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group |
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Definition
| one individual with multiple spouses and all of their children |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of polygamous family involving a man with multiple wives and their children |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of polygamous family involving a woman with multiple husbands and their children |
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Term
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Definition
| a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husbands fathers relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the wife's parents |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern in which a married couple may establish their household in a location apart from either the husbands or wifes relatives |
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Definition
| residence of a married couple with the husbands mothers brother |
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Definition
| marriage of one man to women who are sisters |
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Definition
| marriage of one woman to men who are brothers |
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Definition
| a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations |
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Definition
| any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership |
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Term
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Definition
| a corporate descent group-a unified body or corps or consanguineal relatives who trace their geneological links to a common ancestor and associate with one another for a shared purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| typically consisting of several lineages; non corporate descent group whose members assume descent from a common ancestor (real or fictive) without actually knowing the genealogical lnks to the ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line |
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Term
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Definition
| descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership |
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Term
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Definition
| descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership |
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Term
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Definition
| a system tracing descent matrilineally for some purposes and patrilineally for others |
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Term
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Definition
| descent in which the individual may affiliate with either the mothers or fathers descent group |
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Definition
| the splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups |
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Definition
| the belief that people are realated to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue or descent from common ancestral spirits |
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Definition
| a unlineal descent group composed of two or more clans that assume they share a common ancestry but do not know the precise genealogical links of that ancestry. |
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Definition
| each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent |
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Definition
| an individuals close relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family |
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Term
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Definition
| system of kinship terminology, also called lineal system, which emphasizes the nuclear family by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin |
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Term
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Definition
| kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and genreation are referred to by the same term |
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Term
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Definition
| kinship terminology wherein a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mothers siter, but a fathers sister and mothers brother are given separate terms. parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, while cross cousins are classified separeately, but not equated with relatives of some other generation |
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Term
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Definition
| kinship classification usu associated with matrilineal descent in which a fathers sister and fathers sisters daughter are called by the same term, a mother and mothers sister are merged under another, and a father and fathers brother are lumped in a third. parallel cousins are equated with brothers and sisters |
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