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| theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture |
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| the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client |
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| systematic study of humans as biological organisms |
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| branch of biological anthropology that uses genetic and biochemical techniques to test hypotheses about human evolution, adaptation, and variation |
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| study of the origins and predecesors of the present human species |
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| study of living and fossil primates |
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| field of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes |
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| study of material remains, usually from the past, to describe and explain human behavior |
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| the study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures |
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| a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork |
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| the term anthropologists use for on-location research |
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| in ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time |
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| the study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important different or similarities occur among groups |
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| a fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence |
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| members of a society being studied who provide information that helps the ethnographer make sense of what is being said and done |
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| a specialization in anthropolgy that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease |
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| an observation verified by several observers skilled in the necessary techniques of observation |
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| a tentative explanation of the relation between certain phenomena |
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| in science, an explanation of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data |
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| an assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by authority as true and indisputable |
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| worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases |
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| a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions-which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and which are reflected in behavior |
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| an organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being |
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| the cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes |
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| a distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates |
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| people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on various cultural features such as shared ancestry and common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs |
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| the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group |
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| a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences |
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| the process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society |
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| signs, emblems, and other things that represent something else in a meaningful but arbitrary way |
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| the rule-governed relationships-with all their rights and obligations-that hold members of a society together. this includes households, families, associations, and power relations, including politics |
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| the economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living |
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| a society's shared sense of identity and worldview. the collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world-its shape, challenges, and opportunities-and their place in it. this includes religion and national identity |
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| Human relations Area Files (HRAF) |
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| an ever-growing catalogue of cross-indexed ethnographic data, filed by geographic location and cultural characteristics. Housed at Yale University and available on the internet |
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| study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories; accounts left by explorers, missionaries, and traders; and through analysis of such records as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival materials |
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| the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones |
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| the thesis that one must suspend judgement of other peoples practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms |
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| anthropologists specializing in the study of human evolutionary history |
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| specialists in the behavior and biology of living primates and their evolutionary history |
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| changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations |
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| the inherited molecular code that specifies the biological traits and characteristics of eac individual |
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| both a process and a result of a series of beneficial adjustments of organisms to their environment |
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| the principle of mechanism by which individuals having biological characteristics best suited to a particular environment survive and reproduce with greater frequency than individuals without those characteristics |
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| a population or group of populations having common attributes and the ability to interbreed and produce live, fertile offspring |
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| an individual belonging to subgroup of mammals including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans |
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| the broad-shouldered tailless group of primates that includes all living and extinct apes and humans |
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| a special for of locomotion on two feet found in humans and their ancestors |
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| the genus including several species of early bipeds from southern and eastern Africa living between 4.2 and about 1 million years ago, one of whom was directly ancestral to humans |
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| the first stone tool industry beginning between 2.5 and 2.6 million years ago |
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| Old Stone Age spanning from about 2.5 million to 250,000 or 200,000 years ago and characterized by Oldowan and Acheulean tools |
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| "handy man"-the first fossil members of the genus homo appearing 2.5 million years ago, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithecines |
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| "upright man" - a species within the genus homo first appearing just after 2 milion years ago in Africa and ultimately spreading throughout the Old World |
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| a distinct group of archaic homo samiens inhabiting Europe, Southwest Asia, and south-central Asia from approximately 125,000 to 30,000 years ago |
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| the tool industry of the middle Paleolithic used by all people in europe, the middle east, and Africa, from 125,000 to 40,000 years ago |
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| the last part (40,000-10,000 years ago) of the Old Stone age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms |
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| the hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo Erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world |
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| in biology, a subgroup within a species, not applicable to humans |
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| instinctive sounds or gestures that have a natural or self-evident meaning |
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| the branch of linguistics that involves unraveling a language by recording, describing, and analyzing all of its features |
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| the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language |
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| the study of language sounds |
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| the smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language. can alter meaning, but have no meaning by themselves |
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| the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words) |
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| the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. |
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| a method used to identify the syntactic units of language. for example, a category called "nouns" may be established as anything that will fit the substitution frame "I see a ___" |
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| the patterns or rules for the formation of phrases and sentences in a language |
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| the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax |
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| the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentence, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives |
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| facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconcious messages |
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| a system of natating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages |
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| the cross-cultural study of humankind's perception and use of space |
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| voice effects that accompany language and convery meaning. (giggling, groaning, sighing; voice qualities such as pitch and tempo) |
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| in paralanguage, the background characteristics of a speaker's voice, including pitch, articulation, tempo, and resonance |
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| identifiable paralinguistic noises that are turned on and off at perceivable and relatively short intervals. these include vocal characterizers (giggling, sighing), vocal qualifiers (volume, tempo), and vocal segregates ("oh oh") |
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| in paralanguage, vocalizations such as laughing, crying, yawning, or "breaking," which the speaker "talks through" |
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| in paralanguage, vocalizationsof brief duration that modify utterances in terms of intensity. include volume, pitch, tempo |
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| in paralanguage, vocalizations that resmble the sounds of language but do not appear in sequencesthat can properly be called words. "oh oh expressions" |
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| a languagein which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning |
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| the branch of linguistics that studies the histories of and relationships among languages, both living and dead |
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| a group of languages descended form a single ancestral language |
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| the development of different languages from a single ancestral language |
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| in linguistics, a method for identifying the approzimate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor. it is based on analyzing core vocabularies |
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| the most basic and long-lasting words in any language-pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects |
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| a language in which the syntax and vocabulary of two other languages are simplified amd combined |
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| the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaimmmm independence by purging their language of foreign terms |
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| a pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of society |
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| a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture |
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| the preposition that language plays a fundamental role in shaping the way members of a society think and behave |
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| distinct male and female syntax exhibited in various languages around the world |
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| varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible |
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| the process of changing from one language or dialect to another |
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| the ability to refer to things and events removed in time and space |
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| the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population |
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| people born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female |
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| people who cross-over or occupy a culturally accepted intermediate position in the binary male-female gender construction |
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| mental disorders specific to particular ethnic groups |
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