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Definition
| the learned patterns of behavior and thought that help a group adapt to their surroundings |
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| a description of culture, usually based on participant observation |
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| living among a group of people for the purpose of learning about their culture |
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| living in a culture that is not your own while also keeping a detailed record of your observations and interviews |
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| people you meet in the field and get information from, have a central place in anthropology |
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| view of the world that members of a culture view as real, meaningful, or appropriate, INSIDER VIEW (Tolya's view on his Eveny people) |
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| views of a culture that are accepted by scientists as a valid description of a culture, OUTSIDER VIEW (PV's view on the Eveny) |
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| Story/narrative as analysis |
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| judging other cultures by standards of your own, which you think to be superior |
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| understanding the ways of other cultures and not judging these practices according to one’s own cultural ways |
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| First Contact (leahy bothers) |
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Definition
| Michael, Daniel, and Jame Leahy decided to explore the mountain range in the middle of New Guinea, the last territory to be explored by Europeans, had a historic encounter with the native people in 1930, at first the natives thought they were spirits, curious and frightened, then they wanted to trade and they developed a mutualistic relationship, their method of exchange for work was shells |
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| displaced and suppressed by the Soviet influence (see cultural suppression)less and less of them |
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| a dwelling. Very flexible, can move it around, stove is central (shamanic symbolism) |
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Definition
mongolian herders who are displaced have set up districts around Ulaanbaatar, they aren't educated enough to get a job in the city an they cannot go out and herd
500,000 people with air pollution and negative health, rural to urban migration |
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| occurs when a culture is suppressed in order to promote a different culture, often related to cultural imperialism, has physiological effects on the culture leaving them empty and with a culture that is not truly theirs. (ex the Mongolian herders in Mongolia who are displaced and then sent away to be educated by the Soviet influence) they banned relgious practices, language, and exterminated nobility and shamans, replaced buildings and pride, family names banned |
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| the process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and cultural identity |
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| Indigenous people/natives |
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| “the native’s point of view” |
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| (Tolya) somebody who studies their own culture |
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| did fieldwork in New Guinea, developed the anthropological ideal of participant observation, fluent knowledge of local vernacular, inmerse yourself as deeply as possible in the culture, participating in all everyday activities and observing what is going on, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, describing the intricate trading system of the trobianders, founded modern British anthropology |
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| Colonialism and its consequences |
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| a forced change in which one culture, society, or nation dominates another |
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| a notion of structural political and economic between regions in a nation state, uneven development |
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| a rationale for intervention or colonization, proposing to contribute to the spread of civilization, mostly amounting to the westernization of indigenous peoples |
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| the ability to influence the actions of others |
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| rule by a coersive force, goal is to change the ideology of the dominated |
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| doctrine, philosophy, body of beliefs or principles belonging to an individual or group |
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| the use of power, usually by those controlling the meta or master narrative against the other |
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| father of American anthropology, did fieldwork among North-West coast native Americans, prime proponent of cultural relativism (while an anthropologist is in the field, they temporarily suspend their own esthetic and moral judgments to gain an understanding or empathy with the forwign norms and tastes. Morally, it means we respect the other cultures and treat them as “as good as” one’s own, Teacher of almost the entire first generation of American anthropologists. |
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| a cultural resisting changes, preserving it’s ideals and traditions |
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| the existence of multiplicity of sub- cultures and different value systems in a plural or multicultural society or other setting |
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| a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture |
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| due to the spread of cultural traits, both material and non-material cultural traits transmit from one society to another, if one culture gives a trait to another, it will be easy to take another trait from the opposite culture |
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| the process of learning one’s own culture, learning from family, process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values |
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| the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding (different) culture, borrowing traits from another culture and using it in your own, ex: Piers V. throwing alcohol into the first at his home in London |
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| the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group (ex Russia trying to exterminate shamans and terrorize Eveny culture) |
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| race murder, racial extermination (systematic killing of a racial or cultural group) |
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| westerners only want to buy “authentic art” and so authenticity is defined by western values |
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| "action" verbal or physical characteristic of a culture (rituals) |
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| an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization |
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| a person who believes in the equality of all people "a classless society" |
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| classification of people into groups based on shared socioeconomic conditions |
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| the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships |
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| familial self: based in transactions |
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| how people are acting/resisting society structure |
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| growth to a global or worldwide scale, expands and stretches social relations, intensifies and accelerates socioeconomic practices, makes new social and cultural practices, and mutliplies existing ones |
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| characteristic language of a particular group, the everyday speech of the people as distinguished from literary language (original), locally based, more unstandardized forms of speech, art, architecture, cooking, not mutually exclusive, more rationalized, embracing cultural combinations and diversity |
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| growing or ocurring in many parts of the world, composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world, worldwide, sophisticated |
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| Chulym (gutter language dying the Russia, very few speakers left) Chemehuevi (dying language in New Mexico) Sora (dialect in India, children are being taught English and Hindi instead) Kallawaya (only one native speaker left, healing man in South America) |
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Definition
Eveny/Sakah/Russian/English
historically, most people know more than one language |
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| a person who only knows one language |
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| movement between languages (reindeer people: the natives use Russian swear words mixed with Eveny) |
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| not in everyday usage with children (Eveny) |
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only spoken by older generation (Chulym)
Eveny language s becoming endangered |
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| just spoken by people who learn it, no longer spoken by a people |
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| political and economic references. English is spread and pluralized into "Englishes" |
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| languages are lost through population loss (ethnocide and genocide), voluntary or coercive language shift, language is caught up in power |
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| globalization and languages |
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| the global linguistic marketplace is outpacing the state in conferring literacy, some languages provide more opportunity for success |
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| language influences how we understand and think about the world, and how we deal with the world, provides categories for cognition, defines hoe and what we perceive, refinement or perception, and refinement of action |
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| relatedness or connection by blood (birth or marriage or adoption, how individuals fit into a society |
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| kinship terms (system of classification) |
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| encode appropriate behavior, suggest social obligations, we are related to more people, elicit certain behaviors |
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| kin groups provide support and determine alliance and enemies, kin networks may organize other institutions |
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| a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object, emblem consisting of an object suchas an animal or plant; serves as the symbol for a family or clan, the ancestry of a clan, non-human or more generally any nonhuman animal, object or planted believe the be watch over a group of people |
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| the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society or social structure, a condition or state, sum of rights and duties associated with the positions, we each have overlapping statuses, kinship is just one aspect of status |
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| the status you are born into |
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| the status that you earned by meeting certain criteria through your own or others effort (rituals that achieve new statuses) |
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| the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group, dynamic aspect of status, how you would go about performing your status (rights and duties), multiple and overlapping roles |
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Definition
| beyond sexual characteristics, cultural meanings associated with femaleness and malesness and categories that are viewed as both male and female, or neither males nor female |
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| overlapping systems of inequality shaping each other, positioning people, class, race, caste, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disability, orientation, and more |
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| the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of marculine and feminine. It is one general type of a gender system as one of the core principles of genderism |
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| pluralism (gender pluralism) |
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| multiple culturally recognized genders |
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| (1849-1915) there weren't any opportunities for women in the field so she worked under her husbands name for ethnological missions, didnt know if they should assign men or women roles, "like a man" connotation, brought we'wah to DC |
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Definition
| "Zuni princess" she said women were fake, we lived as a lahmana, both male and female, it was a recognized role in other societies, "two-spirit" or third gender much like the Hijras in India |
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| (Coming of Age in Samoa) teenage girls in Samoa and sexual freedom vs. her own culture, mirror or comparison, informed the sexual revolution, broadened sexual mores within a context of traditional western religious life. |
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| an approach to studying cultural anthropology that aims to correct for a perceived androcentric bias within anthropology, came to prominence in the early 70s although elements of it can be seen in the works of earlier anthropologists like Margaret Mead |
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| Maria Lepowsky and Vanatinai Islanders |
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Definition
| in New Guinea, mean and women lives are virtual equals, gender egalitarian structure. MALE DOMINANCE IS NOT UNIVERSAL, inherit goods, own land, authonomy |
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Definition
| based on or tracing descent through the female line, maternal uncle role, mother's sisters are mother not aunt, sibling ties, not matriarchy, women are central kin |
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| based on or tracing descent through the male line |
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| a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line |
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Definition
| a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line |
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Definition
| rituals that mark transitions across space and time, they organize the calendar, distinguish between life stages of an individual, repetitive formalized action, uses symbols, refers to what is sacred, shared/ private rituals |
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Definition
| the unwritten lore (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture), a site of creativity, not formalized, anonymous in origin, imaginitve commentary on what matters, can be a way to speak out safely "cloak on anonymity" |
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| a district outside of India, marriage as a rite-pf-passage, patrilineal kinship, marriage as alliance between families, arranged marriages, village exogamy (marrying out), caste endogamy (marrying in), women then have 2 hoes, patents home and in-laws home |
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| songs as gifts for rites-of-passage, many genres of local song for different happy events, suhag means "married happiness" for a woman, comment on kinship roles |
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| enhances status and prestige,creates relationships, overlooked Trobriand woman's exchange |
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| giving with expectation of with return within roughly specified time and exchange (roughly equal) |
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| movement of goods to a center, often prestige though giving away |
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| money (medium of exchange, cab move into different exchanges |
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| (reciprocity) Malinowski, Argoaunts of the Western Pacific, long canoe trips to get ceremonial gifts (necklaces and armbands |
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| considered the father of modern French anthropology, "The Gift", specialist on gift-giving and exchange in primitive societies, obligations attendant of gift-giving, morality |
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| carry obligations to give and receive and to reciprocate BUT NOT IMMEDIATELY (Marcel Mauss) |
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| giving without expectation of immediate or specific return |
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| huge feasts and give food |
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| an economic good, use value and exchange value are laden with cultural meanings, discontextualized commodities are "enchanted":view of commodities that magically appear, to a contextualized, humanize understanding of commodities embedded in networks of people and within environment, IF YOU HAVE THIS YOUR LIFE WILL BE BETTER |
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| holistic: sees religion as entwined with other spheres of cultural and social life, universalism: develops concepts across religions, comparative and conceptual |
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| in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination, locates animals, retrieves souls, mediates with spirits |
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| culture in Northeastern Siberia |
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| association with the deity of the sun, ancient associations on reindeer stones, sacred, before Santa time |
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Definition
| adaptation to intimate association with human beings, accommodation to domestic lifestyle |
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| requiring sitting or little sctivity |
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| borreal forest, biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches. COLD |
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| people may only take a finite number of animals in their lifetime, |
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| in the Sakha republic, very remote and barely populated. main city for brigade, brigades 1-10 dispersed around Sebyan. central city. |
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| a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters |
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| a special reindeer chosen by a herder to be domesticated for riding and herding, develops a special connection with the herder |
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| usually a white or dappeled reindeer (depending on where you are from) that is your mirror, puts itself in your place when in danger. represents a spirit connection |
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| the deity of animal relationships, represents a principle of undomesticated animality, under his direction animal migrate, feed, breed, and die. master of the animals |
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Definition
| vodka in fire, reindeer head, mouse in Lingusits |
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Definition
| an animal dying the the place of you (kujjai), or another human, only when another victim died would you feel that the pressure had been taken off of you. you could not block the impetus of the event, only deflect it onto someone else. each time you were threatened in a dream, you would run awa. when someone else was killed, you were left wondering whether they had died in your stead. |
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| successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck, a prediction uttered under divine inspirtation, the art of gift of prophecy (inferring something will happen because of a "sign" |
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| native people fighting for their cultures' livlihood |
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| social, political, and economic conditions and especially the state conder legitimacy (national language) |
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| social, political, and economic conditions and especially the state conder legitimacy (national language) |
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| attempting to gain something for nothing |
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