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| (biological) The subfield of anthropology that studies both human biological evolution and contemporary racial variations among peoples of the world. (Includes paleontology, primatology, and human physical variations). |
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| A perspective in Anthropology that attmepts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and how those parts are interrelated. |
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| A process resulting in the economic change from home production of goods to large-scale mechanized factory production. |
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| The comparative study of cultural similarities and differences. |
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| A form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control. |
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| A food getting strategy based on animal husbandry found in regions of the world that are not good for agriculture. |
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| A form of small-scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and the absence of irrigation. |
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| A food getting strategy involving the collection of naturally occurring plants and animals. |
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| Assumes that people who live in similar environments will develop similar technologies, social structures, and political institutions. |
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| contemporary idea that cultural systems are most influenced by such material things as natural resources and technologies. |
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| School of anthropology that tired to refine the earlier evolutionary theories of Tylor and Morgan. |
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| Interpretive Anthropology |
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| Contemporary idea that the most important factors in cultural systems are subjective things like values, ideas, and world views. |
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| A theory that social stratification exists because it benefits the society as a whole |
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| Historical Particularism (American Historicism) |
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| Boas: School that insisted on finding data through direct field work before making cross-culture generalizations. |
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| Any society that has cities. |
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| Tylor and Morgan: attempted to put cultures in specific evolutionary phases. |
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| Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) |
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| The world's largest anthropological data retrieval system used to test cross-culture theories. |
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| where the anthropologist is immersed in the daily life of a culture to collect data and test theories |
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| form of horticulture where wild land cleared, and burned over, then farmed, and then it is allowed to go back to its wild state. |
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| Naive Realism (cultural naivete) |
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| The idea that reality is the same for everyone everywhere. |
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| The part of culture that people are usually unaware of and do not communicate verbally. |
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| design for life; developed by a people; what people have, do, and think; Culture sets limits, is learned, is all including, is shared, is a system, and is transmitted in symbols. |
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| studies races and differences in people |
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| study of human fossils and origin of humans |
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| subdivision of a national culture that shares some feature with the larger society, but has some differences in important aspects. |
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| societies with relatively small populations, minimal technologies, and little division of labor. |
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| process by which human infants learn their culture |
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| those general cultural traits found in all societies of the world |
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| the spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another |
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| the idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part. |
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| when you view other cultures in terms of your own; the opposite of cultural relativism |
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| Inside view. uses the concepts and categories that are meaningful to the culture being studied. |
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| Outside view. uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture |
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| description of a culture by means of direct fieldwork |
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| study of cultural similarities and differences where and in whatever form they may be found. |
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| the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains |
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| the study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process |
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| studying the culture by being part of it. Advantages are thick description, level of trust, and evidence. Disadvantages are you could affect their behavior, objectivity, attachment and generalization. Participant observation is triangulation |
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| societies with loose or weak political system often believe in witches. (no police but witches keep people in line.) |
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| explanatory; etic; need to survive; pig story |
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| Culture as the interpretation of experience |
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| the way we understand our experience; emic; witch oracle story |
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| Six Key points of culture |
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-sets limits
-is learned, not genetic
-is holistic, not just what we know and realize
-is transmitted via symbols
-is shared
- is a system - everything is in context and is linked |
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| the disorientation experienced when you try to operate in a radically different cultural environment |
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| adaptive nature of culture |
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| culture is the major way that people adapt or relate to their individual environment to survive |
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| changes caused by the recombination of already existing items in a culture. |
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| societies that have many different cultural or subcultural groups |
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| Levi-Strauss: based on opposites; this is a way of thinking in all cultures |
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| advocates the switch from cultural generalization and laws to description, interpretation, and meaning. |
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| Steward: specific cultures can evolve independent of others even if they follow the same evolutionary process. |
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| Radcliffe/Brown: how parts of a culture function to benefit the society. |
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Tylor: savagery
barbarism
civilization
Morgan: simple technology
advanced technology
most advanced technology |
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Environment -> economics -> social organization -> ideology
Each one above sets limits on the next but does not determine. |
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| Using more than one method to point to one answer and increase the probability of that answer being right. One method's strengths will make up for other method's weakness. |
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| study of relationship between language and culture |
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| how language changes over time |
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| study of human evolution through fossil remains |
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| they try to study from the people's point of view |
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| study of relationship between population and envronment |
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| phases of rites of passage |
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1, separation - death
2. liminal - taboo
3. incorporation = end |
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| artifacts that are natural like seeds and bones |
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| studies how languages are structured |
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| functionalist idea: cultural systems all are part of a whole cultural unit like a biological organism with its different parts (heart, lungs, etc) to maintain the health of it. |
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| historic linguistic technique to find out when 2 languages diverged by analyzing similarities and differences. |
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| studies how language and culture are related and how language is used in different social contexts |
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| White: developed laws that apply to culture as a whole and say all societies go through similar stages of development |
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| functionalist idea that every part of culture has a certain function or use. |
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| study of occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations |
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