Term
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Definition
| the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tracing of kinship relationships though parentage |
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Term
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Definition
| the tracing of descent through both parents |
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Term
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Definition
| the tracing of descent through only one parent |
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Term
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Definition
| a descent system that highlights the importance of men in tracing descent, determining marital residence with or near the groom's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line. |
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Term
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Definition
| a descent system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female line, favoring marital residence with or near the bride's family and providing for property to be inherited through the female line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unique terms for kin within the nuclear household that are not used for any other relatives: mother, father, sister, brother, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unilineal systems. Merging - mother and mother's sister are considered "mother" - father and father's brother are considered "father". Parent's siblings considered siblings - except for the mother's brother or the father's sister. |
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Term
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Definition
| a union, between two people who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, coresident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative. |
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Term
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Definition
| a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage within a particular group or locality |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of either father's brother or mother's sister. |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of either one's father's sister or mother's brother |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage outside a particular group or locality |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly married couple |
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Term
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Definition
| the transffer of cash and goods from the groom's family to the bride's family and to the bride |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning home with bride. |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage between two people |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage involving multiple spouses |
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Term
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Definition
| marriage with one guy multiple ladies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing |
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Term
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Definition
| either one person living alone or a group o people who may or may not be related by kinship and who share living space |
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Term
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Definition
| a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners) with/out children |
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Term
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Definition
| a coresidential group that comprises more than one parent-child unit |
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Term
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Definition
| a coresidential group that comprises only two married couples related through males, commonly found in East Asian cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| a household in which a female/s is the central figure around whom other members cluster |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinship |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who identify with one another on some basis but may never meet with one another personally |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people close in age who go through certain rituals, such as circumcision, at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of young people, found mainly in urban areas, who are often considered a social problem by adults and law enforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's standing in society based on the qualities that the person has gained through action |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's position, or standing, in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| a racial mixture in central and south america, indigenous people who are cut off from their roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dispersed group of people living outside their original homeland |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominance of men in economic, political, social, and ideological domains |
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Term
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Definition
| the dominance of women in economic, political, social, and ideological domains |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group |
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Term
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Definition
| the preferred name for the socially defined lowest groups in the Indian caste system; the name means "oppressed" or "ground down" |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of interest groups that function outside the government to organize economic and other aspects of life |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to take action in the face of resistace, through force if necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to take action based on a person's achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group |
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Term
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Definition
| groups within a culture that are responsible for pulic decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of political organizations o foraging groups, with flexible membership and minimal leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of political organization that comprises several bands or lineage groups, each with a similar language and lifestyle occuping a distinct territory |
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Term
| big-man system (big-woman system) |
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Definition
| a form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom and involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties and redistributive feasts |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors ith individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further giftgiving occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of political organization in which permanently allied tribes and villages have one recognized leader who holds an office |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of political organization in which a centralized political unit encompasses many communities, a bureaucratic structure, and leaders ho possess coercive power |
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Term
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Definition
| processes that, through both informal and formal mechanisms, maintain orderly social life |
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Term
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Definition
| a generally agreed upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously |
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Term
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Definition
| a binding rule created through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by the threat of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| the exercise of social control through processes of surveillance and the threat of punishment related to maintaining social order |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of determining innocence or guilt in which the accused person is put to a test that may be painful, stressful, or fatal |
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Term
| critical legal anthropology |
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Definition
| an approach within the rosscultural study of legal systems that examines the role of law and judicial processes in maintaining the dominance of powerful groups through discriminatory practices rather than protecting less powerful people |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept of fairness based on the social equality that seeks to ensure entitlements and opportunities for disadvantaged members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict based on perceived differences between divisions or sects within a religion |
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Term
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Definition
| organized and purposeful group action directed against another group and involving lethal force |
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Term
corporate social responsibility
(csr) |
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Definition
| business ethics that seek to generate profits for the corporation while avoiding harm to people and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who share a language, culture, territorial base, political organization, and history |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and behavior related to supernatural beings and forces |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways |
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Term
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Definition
| a narrative with a plot that involves the supernaturals |
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Term
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Definition
| direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief system in which the supernatural is conceived to as an impersonal power |
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Term
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Definition
| patterned behavior that has to do with the supernatural realm |
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Term
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Definition
| a ritual that marks a change in status from one life stage to another |
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Term
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Definition
| round-trip travel to a sacred place or places for purposes of religious devotion or ritual |
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Term
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Definition
| a ritual in which normal social roles and order are temporarily reversed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a ritual in which something is ofered to the supernaturals |
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Term
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Definition
| a male or female full-time religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined in the nineteenth century to refer to a religion that is based on written sources, has many followers, is regionally widespread, and is concerned with salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition in which one or more religions coexist either as comeplementary to each other or as competing systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the blending of features of two or more religions |
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Term
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Definition
| a socioreligious movement, usually organized by a prophetic leader, that seeks to construct a more satisfying situation by reviving all or parts of a religion that has been threatened by outside forces or by adopting new practices and beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of revitalization movement that emerged in Melanesia in response to Western and Japanese influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the use or application of anthropological knowledge to help solve social problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of past human cultures through their material remains |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation |
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Term
| Consumption variations among modes of livelihood |
|
Definition
Foraging - Minimalism, Finite Needs
Industrialism/Informatics - Consumerism, Infinite Needs |
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Term
| Different modes of exchange |
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Definition
Foraging - Gift
Industrialism - Sale |
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Term
| Consumerism vs Minimalism |
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Definition
Consumerism - People's demands are many and infinite, and the means of satisfying.
Minimalism - Characterized by few and finite consumer demands and adequate and sustainable means to achieve them. |
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Term
|
Definition
Generalized Reciprocity {kin, friends} - no return calculated or expected. Example; buying coffee for a friend.
Expected Reciprocity {trading partners} - return expected at some time.
Redistribution {leader, pooling group} - feast and give away. |
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Term
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Definition
An important process in small-scale societies that works to keep people equal.
Unwritten, culturally embedded rules that prevent an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful.
Maintained through social pressure and gossip |
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Term
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Definition
| Resurgence of group feasting and exchange in recent times among native peoples of the Northwest Coast region |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme form of generalized reciprocity. |
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Term
| Inequalities in consumption |
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Definition
| An inequality in consumption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Christians who live in rural areas of US and Canada |
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Term
| Fertility – Family, state and global levels |
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Definition
State: Economic factors, maintaining the tax base, military
Global: Religious teaching, international relations
Family: economic stability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fertility control – direct and indirect |
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Definition
Indirect: Women’s low-fat diet and work/exercise || Prolonged breastfeeding
Direct: Induced abortion
Infanticide |
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Term
|
Definition
An individual’s patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Gained largely through enculturation; variation in personality in different cultural contexts |
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Term
| Puberty & adolescence and activities within each |
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Definition
he existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate
rites of passage: leaving, fgm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Related to period of seclusion and training in adult roles and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The killing of an offspring |
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Term
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Definition
Study of the life ways of the world’s
living people, for example:
Making a living
Reproduction and life cycle
Health
Marriage and family
Social groups, politics |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that one culture is absolutely right |
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Term
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Definition
| considers individuals’ biological factors such as genes and hormones in order to explain why they think and behave in certain ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| culture shapes and influences human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on understanding culture by studying what people think about, their explanations of their lives and the symbols that are important to them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| examines a culture’s material aspects of life in order to understand the culture itself. Uses the “barrel model” consisting of infrastructure (natural resources, economy and politics), structure (social and political organization, kinship) and super structure (ideology, belief systems, world views). |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an individuals to make choices and exercise free will. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes that free will is an illusion as larger forces such as economy and social and political organization determine choice. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of communication, mainly (but not exclusively) among humans |
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Term
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Definition
| social classes, small different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnomedicine is the study of cross-cultural health systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultures differ in how they define people's bodies. Perception of what a "body" actually is, attitudes to death, attitudes to surgery, separation of mind and body, perception of internal and external parts. |
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Term
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Definition
Disease refers to a specific pathology; a physical or biological abnormality.
Illness refers to the meanings and elaborations given to a particular physical state. |
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Term
| Culture specific syndromes |
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Definition
| A health problem with a set of symptoms associated with a particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross-cultural explanations for the causes of health problems and suffering |
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Term
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Definition
Different cultures have various forms of health protection
Charms
Spells
Hygiene |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on balance among elements within the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| All cultures recognize certain people as having special abilities to diagnose and treat health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| cumulative emotional and psychological wounding, over the lifespan and across generations |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural suffering refers to health problems caused by war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| Healing as providing symbolic meaning |
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Term
| Critical Medical Anthropology |
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Definition
| Focus on how economic and political power structures and inequality (structural suffering, structural violence”) affect health and access to healing |
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Term
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Definition
| Health problems caused or increased by development activities or by development itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Coexistence of multiple healing systems in one culture |
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Term
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Definition
| A set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that one's own culture is correct |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief in or stress on the practical application of a thing, in particular. |
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Term
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Definition
| societal definition of sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth to a global or worldwide scale |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist or be understood independently of the whole. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a determination of the place where something is |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A thing that represents or stands for something else |
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Term
|
Definition
Primates are an order of mammals that includes modern humans
Vary in size from several ounces to over 400 pounds
Some inhabit limited areas; others range more widely |
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Term
|
Definition
| the environment exerts pressure that selects individuals to reproduce the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
Separated from other great apes from 8 million until 3 million years ago
Lived in Africa
Distinct from other apes |
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Term
|
Definition
Category of several extinct species found and East and Central Africa
Lived between 4 million and 2 million years ago
“Lucy” famous because so much of her skeleton was preserved
Era provides the first artifacts, in the form of stone tools, which indicate culture |
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Term
|
Definition
Fossils found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Louis and Mary Leakey
Exhibited manual dexterity, upright posture, and fully bipedal locomotion
Used distinctive stone tools, named Olduwan |
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Term
|
Definition
First hominin species that was widely distributed across the Old World
Highly successful in terms of duration (around 2 million years)
Brain about 2/3 the size of the average modern human brain |
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Term
|
Definition
Recent discovery of dwarf-sized species in Indonesia
Fossil evidence dates to 18,000 years ago
Just over 3 feet tall, stood upright, was probably bipedal
Small brain but stone tools are like those of modern humans with larger brains |
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Term
| Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) |
|
Definition
Homo sapiens, the species to which modern humans belong
Significant morphological changes
Steeper foreheads with smaller brow ridges
Smaller faces
Smaller incisor teeth
Thinner limb bones
More elaborate and complex culture |
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Term
|
Definition
Based on archaeological evidence the first modern humans in the New World
Characterized by the Clovis point, which is bifacial and fluted
Oldest sites are dated to 11,000 years ago
Clovis culture was short-lived |
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Term
|
Definition
A time of rapid transformation in technology related to plant and animal domestication
Developed tools such as sickle blades and grinding stones
Began in the Old World in Mesopotamia, especially the Fertile Crescent |
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Term
|
Definition
The period of modern human occupation in Europe and Eurasia 45,000 to 12,000 years ago
Technology included microliths and other small, finely made stone and bone tools, nets, and baskets
A period of rapidly increasing cultural complexity, referred to as a cultural revolution or “Golden Age.” |
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Term
|
Definition
Category of large, tailless primates
Locomotion by brachiation
Modern humans and great apes share a common ancestor
All great ape species in the wild are endangered |
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Term
|
Definition
| the condition of being two-footed or of using two feet for standing and walking. |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused or produced by humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| locomotion accomplished by swinging by the arms from one hold to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| any remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the acquisition of food by hunting, fishing, or the gathering of plant matter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. |
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Term
|
Definition
| grassland region with scattered trees, grading into either open plain or woodland, usually in subtropical or tropical regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| an Upper Paleolithic population of humans, regarded as the prototype of modern Homo sapiens in Europe. Skeletal remains found in an Aurignacian cave in southern France indicate that the Cro-Magnon had long heads, broad faces, and sunken eyes, and reached a height of approximately 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Oldowan Tradition is the name given to a pattern of stone-tool making by our hominid ancestors, some 2.5 million years ago. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transition from nomadic to permanent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of selection, is changed at the genetic level, accentuating traits that benefit humans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Acheulean Tradition is an Old World Lower and Middle Paleolithic culture, dated from 1.4 million years ago to 100000 years ago. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Knuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal walking in which the forelimbs hold the fingers in a partially flexed posture that allows body weight to press down on the ground through the knuckles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Homo neanderthal-somethingelseyouaddedontheend |
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Term
|
Definition
| Research that involves the cooperation of researchers, institutions, organizations and/or communities, each bringing distinct expertise |
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Term
|
Definition
Feelings of :
uneasiness, loneliness, and anxiety that occur when a person shifts from one culture to another one.
reduced competence as a cultural actor |
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Term
| deductive approach (to research) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| seeks to understand what insiders say and understand about their culture, their categories of thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| descriptive writing about a culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| data collected according to the outsider researchers’ questions and categories |
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Term
|
Definition
| Practical work conducted by a researcher in the natural environment, rather than in a laboratory or office. |
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Term
|
Definition
| knowledge known by the tribes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| informed decision made by a person to be observed |
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Term
|
Definition
| fieldwork conducted on a topic in more than one location |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning about culture by living in a culture for an extended period |
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Term
|
Definition
| descriptive field notes, narratives, myths, songs, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rapport is a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population |
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Term
|
Definition
Intensive strategy of production..
More labor, use of fertilizers, control of water supply, use of animals.
Involves indigenous knowledge |
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Term
|
Definition
| the linked processes of livelihood, consumption, and exchange |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| a family that farms together tolerates each other! |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of an individual, household, group, or country to obtain an adequate diet over time in order to sustain health. |
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Term
|
Definition
Jobs can be stable and lucrative
Jobs can be part-time and unstable |
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Term
|
Definition
| Work that is not officially registered and sometimes illegal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growing crops in gardens using hand tools |
|
|
Term
| industrial capital agriculture |
|
Definition
| a form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor. |
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|
Term
| industrialism/informatics |
|
Definition
| The production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reliance on products of domesticated animal herds |
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| the dominant way of making a living in a culture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and water hole. |
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