Food Collector:

-Hunting

-fishing

-gathering

Caste in India:

priests & scholars

Caste in India:

Ruling and Warrior

Caste in India

Merchants

Caste in India

menial labor and artisans

Caste in India

Impure workers

Marriage: involves reproduction common residence and economic cooperation. 

Whose idea of marriage is this?

-How one marries

-to who one gets married

-how many does one marry

there are 4 types of family types:

1. Nuclear
2. ________
3. extended
4. non traditional

Types of Political Organizaitons:

                States

       ________

       Tribes

Bands

the ability to appreciate and understand the worth of other's ways of doing things

socioeconomic status is a combination of:

-income

-______

-occupation

____________

-Unequal Access to :

• power 
• prestige
• wealth

Agriculture & Herding

^Rank^

have unequal access to ___________. 

BUT 

unequal access to POwer and wealth

Foragers & Horticulturalist

Who have equal access to 

• power
• wealth
• prestige

is social honor

-associated with occupation

supply and demand calculus determins the quanitiy and  of quality goods exchanged

The control of ______.

• slavery
• conve'e
• wage labor

The division of labor

1. by age and sex
2. by specialization
3. ________ or organic solidarity

a person or small group controls part of all of means of production

either in form of land or equipment for extracting energy for the environment.

what group controls land is invested in kin groups.

decisions about land use made by kin group not individual.

Food Producers:

• Horticulturalists
• pastoralists
• intensive agriculture
• _________________

• typical woman activity
• involves the collection of wild plants eggs insects 
• much move important in warmer climates

• a wide variety of techniques
• male activity
• foragers

hunting 

• a fundamental human subsistence activity for 99% of our career
• male activity
• wide array of techniques

view themselves as pastoralist

(cattle people)

• gathering
• extensive cultivation
• slash and burn
• intercropping

(Physical) 

• human evolution
• biological variation

• Studies remains of remains
• reconstruct customs of people past?

Culture is 

• shared
• learned
• __________
• always changing

believing one's own group to be superior to other groups

-judging others by the standards of one's own group

____________ generally focus on dominant species: goat

sheep cattle yak and horse

1. biological (physical)
2. cultural
3. archaeology
4. linquistics

• only see other cultures with biases and ethnocentrism
• cannot know or understand
• provides a skewed opinion
• cannot understand cultures

1. bride price
2. bride service
3. female exchange
4. gift exchange
5. dowry
6. indirect dowry

escaping a preditor means monilizing the bodies defenses: increasing alertness, increasing energy

can be over stimulated by the chronic demand of the world

the reproductively isolated from other groups

-members of the same species are able to produce fertile and viable offspring

Marriage provides for:

• socially approved cohabitation
• legal and jural rights to children born to that social union
• elementart social support system for the rearing and socializtion of those children.

• theologian
• skeptic
• humanist
• anthropologist

who thought religion was:

“Religion deals so largely with 

such uncertain elements of 

knowledge that all primitive 

religions are grotesque

and to some extent

unintelligible.”

• THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND

• REVERSION TO CHILDHOOD 

FEELINGS

• ANXIETY AND UNCERTAINTY

• THE NEED FOR COMMUNITY

Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939

who thought religion is:

Affirms one’s place 

Community feelings

Gives confidence

– positive reinforcement

what are – ghosts and ancestor spirits

PRAYER

–PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

–RITUALS

–SACRIFICES

what are some Ways of interacting with the 

supernatural:

Azande Religion

• Death, suffering & 

injustice is the 

product of _______

• Reincarnation

• Karma

The vagaries of life are the 

outcome of a struggle between 

the forces of Evil & Good

Christianity

what religion is:

God is …

• Omnipotent

• Omniscient

• Omnibenevolent

• Mortal life is a test

SORCERY

– THOUGHTS & EMOTIONS (often 

unintentional) USED TO INVOKE 

SUPERNATURAL MALEVOLENCE

– THE PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN 

RITUALS BELIEVED TO COMPEL THE 

SUPERNATURAL POWERS TO ACT IN 

PARTICULAR WAYS;

–MANIPULATION OF THE 

SUPERNATURAL FOR GOOD OR EVIL

TYPES OF PRACTITIONERS

PRIESTS

• SHAMANS 

• SORCERERS*

• MEDICINE (WO)MEN

• CURANDERO

• NEO-SHAMANISM

• WITCHES

• MEDIUMS

• THE NAMING PROCESS

• THE PERSONALITY OF THE 

DOCTOR

• THE PATIENT’S EXPECTATIONS

• CURING TECHNIQUES

NATURAL TECHNIQUES USED 

BY SUPERNATURAL HEALERS

All societies produce art, but in the 

context of everyday life

This suggests that what we call ‘art’ is in 

fact _________e from other aspects of 

society.

Navajo sand paintings

are Used in :

In modern society, we struggle to differentiate 

ourselves from others (‘achieve distinction’), 

especially in terms of social class

There are symbolic ‘goods’ that can help us to 

do that—cultural capital

Knowledge of the elite esthetic—in the visual 

arts, in music, in literature—is a way of signaling 

our rightful place in the social class elite

The upper classes reproduce themselves 

through defining, transmitting, and displaying

this cultural capital

– Mark social status

– Reinforce a sense of cultural identity

Art styles and cultural capital serve to:

societies that 

are partially industrialized & enjoy some 

economic autonomy, but not as 

advanced as core societies

PEACEFUL RESOLUTION

• AVOIDANCE

• COMMUNITY ACTION

• NEGOTIATION, MEDIATION

• APOLOGY

• ORDEAL

• LAW AND COURTS

ways of DEALING 

WITH CONFLICt

Situational 

or 

Headman

election 

rules within terms of office

• KINSHIP BONDS

FREQUENTLY USED TO DRAW GROUPS TO ONE 

ANOTHER AS ALLIES WHICH IS IMPORTANT WHEN IT 

COMES TO FENDING OFF ENEMIES

– A TYPE OF TRIBAL INTEGRATION BASED ON KINSHIP

– WHEN ONE GROUP IS OBLIGED TO ASSIST ANOTHER 

GROUP IN DEFENDING ITSELF

WHEN KIN GROUPS OR AGE-SETS HAVE THE POTENTIAL 

TO INTEGRATE SEVERAL LOCAL GROUPS INTO A 

LARGER UNIT (TRIBE) IT IS SAID THAT THE SOCIETY HAS 

TRIBAL ORGANIZATION