Term
|
Definition
1.connective tissue
2.nervous tissue
3.muscular tissue
4.epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Tissue (ET) develops from what germ layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Surface covering-ET forms selective barriers between body cavities and surfaces
2.Absorption-ET functions in absorption
3.ET cells are secretory-ie glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Polarized-ie basal, apical and lateral surfaces
2. avascular-nutrients reach by diffusion
3.Basal Lamina-ET cells rest on this basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many ET cells to little ECM |
|
|
Term
| Ways of organization of ET |
|
Definition
1.Number of cellular layers
2.Shape of epithelial
3.Cell Membrane Specializations |
|
|
Term
| Number of Cellular Layers |
|
Definition
1.Simple Epithelium
2.Stratified Epithelium
3.Transitional |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contains only one layer of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains more than one layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All cells touch basement membrane so simple epithelium even though it looks like stratified |
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Term
|
Definition
| stratified epithelium that stretches causing the appearance of fewer cellular strata than when organ is contracted |
|
|
Term
| Location of transitional epithelium example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shape of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
1.squamous
2.cuboid
3.columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naming convention in simple epithelium |
|
Definition
| if cells are cuboid than it is simple cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Naming convention in stratified epithelium |
|
Definition
| cells in most superficial layer dictates name of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what kind of surface is the Apical cell surface |
|
Definition
| apical surface is a free surface |
|
|
Term
| lateral and basal surface specializations |
|
Definition
are characterized by one or more of
1.occluding junctions
2.anchoring junctions
3.communicating junctions |
|
|
Term
| Apical cell membrane specializations function |
|
Definition
interface with adjacent non-cellular environments to:
1.propel substances along
2.absorbs nutrients from
3.secretes factors
4.protects |
|
|
Term
| Apical cell membrane specialization types |
|
Definition
1.cilia
2.microvilli
3.glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motile structures commonly found in the respiratory tract and oviduct where there is a need to propel extracellular material through a tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal body or centriole that contains 9 triplets of microtubules and is situated just beneath cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of 9 doublets of peripheral microtubules w/ dynein ATPase arms plus two central MT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single highly elaborated cilium used for cellular locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase surface area and help in absorption |
|
|
Term
| Microvilli are commonly found in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin MF that connect a terminal web of actin MF that runs under the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate rich complex on extracellular surface of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection and recognition |
|
|
Term
| What does the glycocalyx use for cell recognition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral cell membrane specializations general function |
|
Definition
1.maintain coherence
2.provide communication
3.distribute stress |
|
|
Term
| Lateral cell membrane specializations types |
|
Definition
1.Zonula Occludens
2.Zonula Adherens
3.Macula adherens
4.Gaps junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tight or occludens junction near the apical cell surface that forms a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the entire cell |
|
|
Term
| What can pass through the Zonula Occludins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcellular transport across polarized cell |
|
|
Term
| EM structure of Zonula occludins |
|
Definition
| pentalaminar appearance which is caused by fusion of the outer members of the lipid bilayers of the two adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized integral membrane proteins that regulate passage of solute molecules |
|
|
Term
| Types of tight-junction proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junction proteins interact with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized proteins in sub-plasmalemmal plaque that bind to tight junction proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchoring junction located beneath zonula occludins that completely surrounds the cell |
|
|
Term
| Three components of of Zonula Adherens |
|
Definition
1. transmembrane linker protein
2. sub-plasmalemmal plaque
3. cytoskeletal filaments |
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane linker protein of zonula adherens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium dependent protein in the CAM (cell adhesion molecule family) located in the extracellular space |
|
|
Term
| Sub-plasmalemmal plaque of zonula adherens |
|
Definition
| plaque containing actinin, vinculin and other proteins |
|
|
Term
| cytoskeletal filaments of zonula adherens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or desmosome is another anchoring junction that does not encircle the cell (think of spot weld) |
|
|
Term
| Macula adherens transmembrane linker protein |
|
Definition
| type of cadherin (ie cadherin-like) termed desmoglein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macula Adherens cytoskeletal filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicating junction that provides electrical and metabolic communication channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each is made up of two connexons one from each of the adjoining cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each is made up of six identical subunits composed of connexin proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.5 nm which allows small molecules in the 1500 dalton range to pass through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particularly important in cardiac and smooth muscle myocytes |
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane linker protein in Gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytoskeletal filaments in gap junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of cell membrane specializations along the lateral surface which can contain all or just 3 of the types |
|
|
Term
| Basal membrane specializations function |
|
Definition
| mechanical attachment to the basal lamina ecm so they are considered anchoring junctions |
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosome difference from desmosomes |
|
Definition
| transmembrane linker protein is integrin not desmoglein but both use IF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane linker protein found in hemidesmosomes that attaches to the major ecm component of fibronectin rather than an adjacent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium dependent proteins mediating adhesion in homotypic fashion |
|
|
Term
| hemidesmosomes demonstrate what kind of protein interaction |
|
Definition
| heterotypic btwn integrin and fibronectin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in nerve, muscle and lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in placenta and epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue specific and is mediated by lectins |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cell replacement |
|
Definition
| self replacing in adults but rate varies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a change in epithelial cells to a biochemically different cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumors of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumors of epithelial glandular cells |
|
|
Term
| Carcinomas and adenocarcinomas comprise |
|
Definition
| 85% of all cancers perhaps due to mitotic activity or their position as barriers to an insulting environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant spread of cancer that can occur through basement membranes so mechs that prevent loss of epithelial adhesiveness are important |
|
|
Term
| Technique to diagnose origin of cancer |
|
Definition
| immunostain IFs to find type expressed by tumor ie basis behind PSA |
|
|
Term
| Tumors of epithelium express |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connective tissue tumors express |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach cells normally stain positive for |
|
Definition
| cytokeratin but tumor cells do not |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissue components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
| epidermis, glands, nails, and hair |
|
|
Term
| Muscle tissue components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle tissue components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nervous tissue components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue components of the integumentary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epidermis is what type of epithelium |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Stratum corneum
2.Stratum Granulosum
3.Stratum Spinosum
4.Stratum Basale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flattened dead stratified squamous full of keratin IF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this layer cells begin to extrude their organelles and there are keratohyaline granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in S. Granulosum and represents the protein filigrin which is a like a cement for Keratin IF that helps them aggregate and stick together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very thick layer made up of keratinocytes linked by numerous desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Where will we find prominent S. spinosum |
|
Definition
| on soles of feet and palms so areas where lots of abrasion can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitotic layer that generates all other layers and is the source of the continual renewal that is the primary source of protection from abrasion |
|
|
Term
| How does stratum basale stain |
|
Definition
| basophilic b/c of synth of keratin IF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratum corneum >50 cells thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palms, flexor surfaces of digits and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratum corneum <50 cells thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks hair, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands but it does have sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has hair arrector pili muscles, sebacious and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hyperproliferation of keratinocytes such that the epidermis is twice as thick as normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.silvery scaly plaques cover elbows, knees and other areas
2.abnormally rapid turnover of cells in epidermis due to rapid cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treat with UV radiation and meds |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial keratinocytes are linked by |
|
Definition
| desmosomes that couple the IF cytoskeleton to intercellular junctions |
|
|
Term
| Desmosome components Plaque proteins |
|
Definition
1.desmoplakin 1 and 2
2.plakoglobin
3.plakophilin 1 |
|
|
Term
| Desmosome components: plaque cytoskeletal role |
|
Definition
| IFs loop through electron dense plaques just deep to the PM |
|
|
Term
| Desmosome components core-distance of cell separation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desmosome components core glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| desmogleins and desmocollins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired autoimmune diseases in which there are autoantibodies against cell-cell attachment proteins or cell matrix attachment proteins |
|
|
Term
| Example of bullous skin diseases |
|
Definition
| Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris |
|
|
Term
| Pemphigus foliaceus antibody is directed against |
|
Definition
| desmoglein 1 which leads to intra epidermal blister formation |
|
|
Term
| Pemphigus vulgaris antibody is directed against |
|
Definition
| desmogleins 1 and 3 which leads to intra epidermal blister formation |
|
|
Term
| The epidermis is anchored to its basement membrane via ... and interdigitates with the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| papillary and reticular layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial layer of the dermis with loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep layer of dermis with dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron lucent zone making up the superficial part of the basement membrane (closer to the epithelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron dense portion making up the deep layer of the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.plaque
2.lamina lucida
3.lamina densa |
|
|
Term
| Hemidesmosome plaque make up |
|
Definition
1.BP230Ag
2.Plectin
3.Transmembrane molecules which are BP180Ag and a6B2 integrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laminin and proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Lamina Densa collagen types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bullous skin disease in which the antibody is directed against BP180 forming sub epidermal blisters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect the organism from UV radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.carcinogenic
2.collagen and elastin damage
3.sebaceous gland enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize melanin which is packaged into melanosomes which are then transferred by dendritic processes to keratinocytes where they provide photoprotection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neoplasm composed of atypical melanocytes which may invade the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major factor is exposure to natural sunlight |
|
|
Term
| Malignant melanoma typical patient |
|
Definition
| caucasian female aged 30-50 w/ lesion on the leg |
|
|
Term
| what to look for in a potential malignant melanoma |
|
Definition
1. assymetry
2.border irregularity
3.color variation
4. diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendritic cells that make up 3-4% of the epidermal population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more superficial levels of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from bone marrow precursors that migrate to the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take up cutaneous antigens and process them then they migrate via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes where they stimulate t cells |
|
|
Term
| Other cells in the epidermis |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Contact allergic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| delayed (1-4 days) immunological rxn of the skin to an exogenous antigen mediated by langerhans cells |
|
|
Term
| Contact allergic dermatitis-common allergens |
|
Definition
| poison ivy/oak, nickel, rubber compounds, cosmetics |
|
|
Term
| Contact allergic Dermatitis histology |
|
Definition
| intercellular edema, lymphocyte infiltration, epidermal thickening and scaling |
|
|
Term
| Contact Allergic Dermatitis therapy |
|
Definition
| avoidance of allergen and topical steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin heat loss is minimized by |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction of dermal capillaries and subcutaneous fat |
|
|
Term
| skin heat loss is facilitated by |
|
Definition
| vasodilation of dermal capillaries and evaporation of sweat |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat glands location |
|
Definition
| found in most areas of the body especially in thick skin but not in the skin of genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat gland product |
|
Definition
| sweat=ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that includes water, NaCl, urea, NH3, uric acid and some protein |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat gland structure |
|
Definition
simple coiled tubular with two parts
Secretory part and Duct part |
|
|
Term
| The secretory part of eccrine sweat glands is made up of |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| The duct part of eccrine sweat glands is made up of |
|
Definition
| stratified cuboidal epithelium and opens to the skin surface as well as stains dark |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat gland innervation |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat gland mode of secretion |
|
Definition
| merocrine(eccrine)-exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat glands additional functino |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical downgrowth of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal expansion of the hair follicle that encloses a dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly vascular tissue which projects into the hair bulb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat loss is minimized by hair erection which traps warm air above the skin surface |
|
|
Term
| Arrector pili muscles location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arrector pili muscle structure |
|
Definition
| obliquely-oriented bundles of smooth m. which insert into connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Arrector pili m. innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction pulls hair upright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sebaceous glands associated w/ and location |
|
Definition
| associated w/ hairs but not in thick skin |
|
|
Term
| seb. gland secretory product |
|
Definition
| sebum waxy product whose secretion begins at puberty and may have antibacterial and antifungal properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branched simple, acinar (grape like cluster) with a short duct that opens onto upper portion of hair or directly onto skin surface |
|
|
Term
| Seb gland mode of secretion |
|
Definition
| holocrine-entire cell is shed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may waterproof and moisturize hair and skin surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from increase in sebum production which blocks hair follicle orifice then bacteria and yeast within cysts break down sebum causing inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30-40% of skin destroyed->life threatening
if 75% of skin destroyed->almost always fatal |
|
|
Term
| Membrane-coating granules |
|
Definition
| secrete extracellularily and are a form of waterproof barrier |
|
|
Term
| The skin also functions in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors in skin |
|
Definition
1.free nerve endings
2.pacinian corpuscles
3.meissner's corpuscles
4. ruffini endings |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria evolved from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 major functions of mito |
|
Definition
1.complete oxidative metabolism of carbs, aa, and FA
2.coupling of e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation for the generation of ATP |
|
|
Term
| 4 compartments of the mito |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Porin or VDAC-voltage dependent anion channel
2.Receptors
3.TOMs-translocases of OMM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Cardiolipin
2.Respiratory chain enzymes
3.Transport proteins like ATP-ADP translocase (ANT) and TIM (translocases of IMM) |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory chain enzymes found in IMM |
|
Definition
1.Complex 1-NADH-CoQ reductase or NADH DH
2. Complex 2 Succinate DH
3.Complex 3 CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase
4.Complex 4 cytochrome c oxidase
5. complex 5 ATP synthetase ie F0 F1 ATPase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.krebs cycle enzymes
2. peptidases
3. mtDNA
4. ribosomes
5. calcium |
|
|
Term
| Electrical gradient of mito |
|
Definition
| - inside which is the basis for membrane potential and proton gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binary fission of existing mito which is why you can trace mtDNA back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16,569 bp, double stranded, closed circular DNA, compact with no introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. 2 RNAs
2. 13 polypeptides- 7 units of complex 1, 1 sub unit of complex III, 3 subunits of complex IV, and 2 subunits of complex V
3. 22 tRNAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the origin of replication for the heavy strand, promoters for the heavy and light strands, 3 conserved sequence blocks and termination associated sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bidirectional and asynchronous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs symmetrically from the 2 promoters in D-loop and rRNA transcripts outnumber other transcripts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.AGA, AGG normally arg in mito are stop
2.AUA normally Ile are now met
3.UGA normally stop are now trp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semiautonomous b/c not dependent on cellular division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During mitosis and meiosis, mtDNA undergoes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10-20x higher than that of nuclear DNA |
|
|
Term
| Threshold expression in mitochondria |
|
Definition
| mito can only be expressed to a threshold number in different organs until they die off-this threshold varies from organ to organ |
|
|
Term
| Roles of nuclear genome in mito biogenesis and nuclear mito interactions |
|
Definition
1.specifies all enzymes of mito matrix
2. cooperates with mito genome in assembly of multisubunit enzyme complexes of oxidative phosphorylation
3. encodes all components of protein (and RNA) import machinery
4. encodes txn factors for mtDNA txn and replication as well as for proteins that target mito
5. controls the translation of specific mito mRNAs
6. controls the processing of specific mito RNA precursors |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of mito proteins have to be imported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Targeting sequence for protein import into mito |
|
Definition
1.20-70aa
2.rich in basic and hydroxylated aa usually at n-terminus
3.can form amphipathic structures
4.usually cleaved by specific peptidases in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex hsp70 - does unfolding and requires ATP |
|
|
Term
| types of Import receptors on OMM |
|
Definition
1.receptor proteins (TOM complex)
2.SAM complex-sorting and assembly machinery which is necessary for assembling complex OMM proteins like porin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GIP (general insertion pore) or channels match up with channels in IMM (like TIMs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| machinery for protein import and assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assist in the sorting and assembly of proteins in the IMS and IMM |
|
|
Term
| What force is needed to transport protein across the IMM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates crossing of IMM in addition to proton motive force |
|
Definition
| translocation motors like mtHsp70 which uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| Mech of protein import into the mito 9 steps |
|
Definition
1.targeting sequence
2.cytosolic chaperones-ie unfolding
3.Import receptors on OMM
4.Insertion site on OMM
5.Sorting and assembly in the IMS and IMM
6.proton motive force to cross IMM
7.translocation motors
8.proteolytic processing of target signals
9.refolding, assembly, and intramitochondrial sorting |
|
|
Term
| What mediates intramitochondrial folding and assembly of imported proteins |
|
Definition
| chaperonins like Hsp60 which uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| Three possible sources of mutations responsible for mito pathology |
|
Definition
1.Nuclear DNA
2.cytoplasmic DNA ie mtDNA
3.X-linked |
|
|
Term
| Why mtDNA mutations occur more frequently |
|
Definition
1. mtDNA is attached to IMM, the source of oxygen radicals
2. mtDNA lacks protective histones
3. mtDNA has limited repair system |
|
|
Term
| mito diseases resulting from missense mutations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy which causes blindness and occurs more in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNA point mutations that affect protein synth |
|
|
Term
| diseases caused by mito biogenesis mutations are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Myoclonus Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| diseases caused by insertion deletion mutations in mito |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive external ophthalmoplegia |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of aging in which mito dysfunctions are implicated |
|
Definition
1.normal aging
2.parkinson's
3.alzheimer's |
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Term
| Normal aging is characterized by |
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Definition
| mtDNA damage caused mainly by reactive oxygen species which as damage accumulates causes a decline in oxidative phosphorylation over time |
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Term
| Release of cytochrome c is |
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Definition
| an early event in many cases of apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-apoptotic agents which promote cell survival by residing on the OMM and block the release of cytochrome c from mito |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyt C binds to APAF-1 which then activates Caspace 9 which in turn activates Caspase 3 triggering apoptosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed of a hydrated gel-like ground substance with fibers embedded in it |
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Term
| Function of ground substance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Function of tissue fluid associated with ground substance |
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Definition
| forms the medium for passage of metabolites and waste products |
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Term
| Ground substance is composed of |
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Definition
| glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| are unbranced polysaccharide chains consisting of repeating disaccharide units |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of a core protein linked to GAGs |
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Term
| ECM consists of two types of fibers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a family of proteins that consist of a triple helix of alpha chains |
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Term
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Definition
| are cross-linked and form elastic fibers that are coated with fibrillin and have the properties of being able to stretch and recoil |
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Term
| what coats elastin fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of adhesive glycoproteins |
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Definition
| link cell to the ECM by binding integrins located in the cell membrane and comprise the third constituent of ECM |
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Term
| Examples of adhesive glycoproteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| provides stability and interfaces with the ecm as well as helping to control cell behavior |
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Term
| What is considered the beginning of the ecm? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| always N-acetyl glu or gal paired with uronic acid (glucoronic or iduronic) |
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Term
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Definition
| very negative due to sulfated sugars and the sugars also have carboxyl groups |
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Term
| Role of negative charges in gags |
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Definition
| bind Na+ which osmotically attracts water to the matrix so that it swells up which creates a gel that cushions and disperses compressive loads |
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Term
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Definition
1.hyaluronate
2.chondroitin and dermatan sulfate
3.heparan sulfate and heparin
4.keratan sulfate |
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Term
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Definition
| non sulfated, single disaccharide unit, consisting of long chains of greater than 300 units up to 25000 units |
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Term
| what is the predominant GAG in loose supporting tissues |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form covalent links to protein molecules |
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Term
| sulfated gag chains other than hyaluronate form |
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Definition
| covalent links with a protein core to form proteoglycans |
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Term
| Aggregan proteoglycans are |
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Definition
| bound by link proteins to a hyaluronate backbone to form large multimeric complexes that assemble in cartilage and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1.form molecular filters of variable pore size and charge density that screen and retard macromolecules as they pass through them
2.Proteoglycans contain binding sites for secreted growth factors like FGF and TGF beta as well as proteases and protease inhibitors this can activate the factors or concentrate them in a specific location |
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Term
| ex of molecular filter function of proteoglycan |
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Definition
| kidney heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basal lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| proteoglycan that is not released but stays attached to cell membrane to bind FGF and present FGF to its cell membrane receptors in the vicinity |
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Term
| ex Proteoglycan genetic disease |
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Definition
| progeria is caused by galactosyltransferase thermolability in fibroblasts results in failure of dermatan sulfate chain addition to proteoglycan |
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Term
| Members of this family of fibrous proteins constitute the largest percentage of protein mass in mammals |
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Definition
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Term
| connective tissue fibroblasts |
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Definition
| synthesize and secrete collagen |
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Term
| Collagen is secreted into the ECM as |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| triple helix of three alpha chains that polymerize to form collagen in ecm |
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Term
| alpha chain sequence of collagen is usually |
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Definition
| a repeat of Gly-X-Y where proline is commonly X and hydroxypro is commonly y |
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Term
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Definition
| forms fibril found in bone, skin, tendon, ligaments, cornea, and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| forms fibril found in cartilage, IV discs, vitreous humor |
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Term
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Definition
| forms fibril found in skin, blood vessels, and visceral organs |
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Term
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Definition
| forms lateral association found in cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| forms lateral association found in tendon and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| forms sheet-like network in basal laminae |
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Term
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Definition
| forms anchoring fibrils in skin |
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Term
| Collagen is synthesized on the ... as individual ... |
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Definition
| rER, preprocollagen chains |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha chains containing additional aa sequences known as propeptides at the n and c termini ends |
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Term
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Definition
| made when three preprocollagen molecules are aligned and assembled and then secreted into the extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when the newly excreted procollagen triple helix is cleaved removing the propeptides |
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Term
| Tropocollagen to collagen fibril |
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Definition
| tropocollagen molecules are spontaneously assembled in a head to tail fashion which is augmented by covalent bonds formed between lys and lys-OH of neighboring tropocollagen molecules to form collagen fibril |
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Term
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Definition
| preprocollagen->procollagen triple helix->tropocollagen->collagen fibrils->collagen fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregation of tropocollagen |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregations of collagen fibrils and is mediated by type IX and XII fibril associated collagens |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate the orientation and size of collagen fibrils |
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Term
| Clinical conditions involving collagens |
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Definition
1.scurvy
2.keloid
3.osteogenesis imperfecta
4.chondrodysplasias
5.ehlers-danlos syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of vitamin c, which required for hydroxylation of proline residues, lack of hydrox destabilizes the alpha chain helices so can't get collagen fibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels are fragile, wound healing poor, and teeth loosen in their sockets |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated scar due to excessive accumulation of collagen during wound healing |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in type 1 collagen yielding easily fracturing bones |
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Term
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Definition
| result from defect in type 2 collagen resulting in cartilage joint deformities |
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Term
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Definition
| type III collagen mutation and is characterized by weak skin, fragile blood vessels and hypermobile. |
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Term
| defective type vii collagen |
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Definition
| produces blistering disease of skin and dystrophic necrosis of skeletal muscle |
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Term
| elastic fibers are composed of the proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chains of elastin are covalently linked by |
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Definition
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Term
| Elastin is synthesized by ... and assembled in the ....into... |
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Definition
| fibroblasts, ECM into elastic fibers consisting of an elastin core surrounded by a sheath of microfibrils composed of fibrillin, an elastin glycoprotein |
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Term
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Definition
| in fibrillin leads to aortic aneurysms |
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Term
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Definition
| cell transmembrane receptors that bind adhesive proteins to link the cell to ecm |
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Term
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Definition
| heterodimers composed of a and b subunits in which the carboxyl ends of the a/b chains are linked to actin filaments in the ECM mediating the cell matrix interactions |
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Term
| What determines the ligand-binding specificity of the various integrins |
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Definition
| the isoforms of the a and b chains |
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Term
| What do integrins bind to |
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Definition
| fibronectin, laminin, collagen and other matrix proteins |
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Term
| how do you modulate attachment of cells to matrix components |
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Definition
| regulate the number of integrins on the cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| large glycoprotein heterodimer (disulfide-linked) containing collagen, heparin, and integrin binding domains separated by flexible hinge peptides |
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Term
| Integrin or cell binding site composition on fibronectin |
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Definition
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Term
| fibronectin binds to what (besides integrins) |
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Definition
| collagen and heparin sulfate in the ecm to establish structural continuity |
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Term
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Definition
| major component of the basal lamina that forms links btwn cell membranes and other constituients of the basal lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| large glycoprotein composed of 3 polypeptide chains a, b1, b2 |
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Term
| b chain function of laminin |
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Definition
| warp around the alpha chain to form a cross like pattern of 1 long and 3 short chains held together by disulfide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| composed primarily of type 4 collagen, proteoglycan perlecan heparan sulfate, and the adhesive glycoproteins laminin and entactin joined by covalent and non covalent linkages |
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Term
| Functions of basal lamina |
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Definition
1. molecular filter
2. selective barrier to cells
3. scaffolding for regeneration like skeletal muscle regeneration |
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Term
| ECM components are degraded by |
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Definition
| extracellular proteases secreted locally by cells |
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Term
| Macrophages lymphocytes and nerve fibers can penetrate the basal lamina through the release of |
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Definition
| matrix metaloproteinases and serine proteases which collectively degrade collagen, laminin and fibronectin |
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Term
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Definition
| serine protease proenzyme is distributed in the matrix and is activated by plasminogen activator to plasmin |
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Term
| Proteolysis of matrix proteins contributes to cell migration in several ways |
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Definition
1. clearing a path through the matrix
2. exposing cryptic sites on the cleaved proteins that promote cell binding, migration or both
3.promoting cell detachment so that a cell can move onward
4. releasing extracellular signal proteins that stimulate cell migration |
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Term
| Matrix degradation is regulated by |
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Definition
| TIMPs (peptide tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases) and serine protease inhibitors (serpins) |
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Term
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Definition
| allow them to migrate through basal lamina of blood vessel into tissue in response to infection |
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Term
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Definition
| metastasis of malignant melanoma involves proteolytically breaking through the basal lamina and entering blood stream |
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Term
| Angiogenesis and ecm degradation |
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Definition
| sprouting endothelial cells penetrate the ecm by secreting hyaluronidase and plasminogen activator |
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Term
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Definition
| are relatively stable populations of long-lived cells that develop form the mesenchyme |
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Term
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Definition
| their regeneration capabilities suggests there is a population of stem cells |
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Term
| Two examples of fixed cells |
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Definition
| fibroblasts-form ecm and adipocytes-store fat |
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Term
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Definition
| changing populations of specific defense cells (WBC) that are short lived and enter connective tissue from the blood vessels |
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Term
| Types of free or wandering cell types |
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Definition
| eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
1.Embryonic CT
2. General CT
3. Specialized CT |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in the developing embryo |
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Term
| Types of embryonic connective tissue |
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Definition
| mesenchymal CT and mucous ct |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to most cells of loose ct |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the umbilical cord |
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Term
| General connective tissue types |
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Definition
1. loose
2. dense
3. reticular
4. adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as areolar is distributed within and btwn tissue layers in most organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| supports the parenchyma of lymphoid organs |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in synth, storage, and release of fat |
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Term
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Definition
| provide rigid framework for body that permits its movement |
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Term
| Specialized connective tissue types |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| provide metabolic support, distribution of oxygen, and defense of the body against pathogens and injury |
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Term
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Definition
1.mechanical support
2.exchange of metabolites
3.storage of energy
4.protection against infection
5.repair |
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Term
| CT function mechanical support |
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Definition
| bundles cells of the same tissue together, anchors tissues to each other to organs, and binds organs together |
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Term
| CT function exchange of metabolites |
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Definition
| btwn blood and tissues-ground substance of ECM provides hydrated medium for diffusion |
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Term
| CT function storage of energy |
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Definition
| reserves-storage of lipids in fat cells and proteins in the ecm and the blood |
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Term
| CT function protectin against infection |
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Definition
| phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils and mast cell degranulations during inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| repair following injury-fibroblast proliferation and secretion in wound healing |
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Term
| These are responsible for the synthesis of almost all of the ECM of connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibroblasts often reside in close association with |
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Definition
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Term
| fibroblasts lie in what orientation to collagen fibers |
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Definition
| parallel to the long axis so their shape and orientation reflects the composition and stress (tension) of the surrounding environment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| modified fibroblasts that demonstrate characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells |
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Term
| myofibroblasts have little or no |
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Definition
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Term
| myofibroblasts are abundant in areas undergoing |
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Definition
| wound healing b/c like smooth muscle they have bundles of actin filaments and dense bodies which allow them to cause the contraction of an shrinkage of scar tissue |
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Term
| Myofibroblasts are also found (besides wound healing) |
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Definition
| periodontal ligament where they assist in tooth eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| disease characterized by hypercontraction and thickening of the palmar fascia |
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Term
| Adipose cells store lipid in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglyceride in triglyceride droplets come from three sources |
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Definition
1. chylomicrons
2. liver synthesis
3. synthesized in adipocytes from glu |
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Term
| Adipocytes have receptors for |
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Definition
| insulin, glucocorticoids, growth hormone and NE which modulate fat uptake and release |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by adipocytes that helps regulate hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose to fat conversion |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates lipase activity |
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Term
| 2 types of adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| White adipose tissue comprises |
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Definition
| upto 20% of body weight in normal males and 25% in females |
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Term
| Functions of white adipose tissue |
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Definition
| energy store, thermal insulator, and structural support |
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Term
| White adipose cells are characterized by |
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Definition
| single large lipid droplet (unilocular) surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm, thin basal lamina, and highly vascularized |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized form of adipose tissue found in newborn mammals and some hibernating animals |
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Term
| Brown adipose cells structure |
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Definition
| contain multiple small lipid droplets (multilocular) |
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Term
| why is brown adipose tissue brown |
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Definition
| reddish in color b/c of abundant capillaries and mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| nonshivering thermogenesis due to uncoupling protein thermogenin which causes the mitos to be leaky and dissipate the proton gradient thus requiring more energy to maintain it |
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Term
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Definition
| results from accumulation and storage of fat in white adipose cells which can increase in size by 4x |
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Term
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Definition
| more severe and results from overabundance of adipocytes |
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Term
| What regulates adipose mass |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| leptin receptors in the appetite center of the hypothalamus and activates the symp nervous system to release NE which mobilizes fat from adipocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| means voracious appetite and uncontrollabe weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC that circulate in the blood stream and migrate through capillary walls during inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
1. monocytes
2.neutrophils
3.eosinophils
4.lymphocytes
5.plasma cells
6.mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| can be free or fixed macrophages |
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Term
| Macrophages belong to the ... and are subdivided into two groups of cells.. |
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Definition
| mononuclear phagocytic system, phagocytes, and antigen presenting cells |
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Term
| macrophages in the ct, lymphoid organs and bone marrows |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. phagocytosis so first line defense against bacteria
2.processing and presenting antigens to lymphocytes for antibody generation |
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Term
| Macrophages are characterized by |
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Definition
| kidney shaped indented nucleus, abundant lysosomes, and a large juxtanuclear gogi |
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Term
| Macrophages contain complement protein which is |
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Definition
| liver secreted proteins that bind immunoglobulins to the surface of the bacteria making them more susceptible to phagocytosis in process called opsinization |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which complement proteins make bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis by binding to immunoglobulins on the bacteria surface |
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Term
| Neutrophils characterized by a |
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Definition
| multilobulated nucleus and non-specific cytoplasmic granules (primary lysosomes) |
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Term
| Neutrophils are attracted by |
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Definition
| injured tissue through cleavage products of complement, cytokines, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide liberated in the inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytose and digest bacteria in areas of acute inflammation resulting in the formation of pus |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Eosinophils are characterized by |
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Definition
| multilobed nucleus that is partially obscured by cell type defining eosinophilic specific granules |
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Term
| eosinophils are attracted to |
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Definition
| areas of inflammation through chemotaxic factors like neutrophils are |
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Term
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Definition
| attack parasitic organisms by releasing cytotoxins which degrade cell membranes |
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Term
| eosinophils and allergies |
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Definition
| they are attracted to sites of allergic inflammation where they phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes and degrade histamines moderating the allergic reactions |
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Term
| eosinophils occur in regions associated with allergic rxns like |
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Definition
| nasal mucosa, lung, skin, and lamina propia of gut |
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Term
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Definition
| small dark cells containing a dark round nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm |
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Term
| lymphocytes are the principle cells of |
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Definition
| the immune system so are prevalent in lymphoid tissue and areas of chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| are derived from B lymphocytes that have interacted with antigen and secrete antibodies |
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Term
| plasma cells are characterized by |
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Definition
| being large cells with a round nucleus and a clock face pattern of heterochromatin and an extensive basophilic cytoplasm of rER |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| mediate the inflammatory process and immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| large cells filled w/ basophilic granules which obscure the small round nucleus |
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Term
| Mast cell granules contain |
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Definition
| heparin, histamine, neutral proteases, neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors and leukotrienes |
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Term
| Mast cells are prevalent in the |
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Definition
| connective tissue surrounding small blood vessels |
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Term
| Mast cells possess surface receptors for |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mast cell receptor binding to igE triggers |
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Definition
| degranulation resulting in histamine release which increases capillary and venule permeabilty resulting in mucosal edema |
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Term
| Victims of hay fever attacks suffer from the effects of |
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Definition
| histamine released by mast cells of the nasal mucosa, which causes localized edema from increased permeability of vessels which hinders breathing and gives stuffed up feeling |
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Term
| in asthmatics the release of |
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Definition
| leukotrienes in the lungs initiates bronchial smooth muscle contractions and difficulty breathing |
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Term
| Mucous connective tissue exhibits a |
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Definition
| jelly like matrix of hyaluronic acid and small amounts of fibrillar collagens |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of a loose arrangement of fibers and dispersed cells imbedded in a gel like substance |
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Term
| dispersed cells in loose ct |
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Definition
| fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| under the epithelia of the body where it packages organs and surrounds capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| wrap and cushion organs as well as hold tissues together |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| irregular dense ct is composed primarily of |
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Definition
| irregularly arranged collagen fibers and contains few cells |
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Term
| Irregular dense ct is able to withstand |
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Definition
| tension exerted in multiple directions and provides structural strength |
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Term
| Irregular dense ct location |
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Definition
| reticular layer of the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous capsules of visceral organs and joint |
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Term
| Regular dense connective tissue is composed primarily of |
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Definition
| coarse collage bundles densely packed and oriented into parallel cylinders or sheets that resist tensile forces |
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Term
| regular dense ct can withstand great tensile strength when |
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Definition
| pulling force is applied in one direction |
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Term
| regular dense ct location |
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Definition
| tendons, most ligaments, and aponeurosis where it functions to attach muscles to bones or muscles and bones to bones |
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Term
| Reticular connective tissue consists of a network of |
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Definition
| reticular fibers composed from collagen type III in loose ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
| supports the parenchyma of organs |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen |
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