Term
|
Definition
| Basic positively charged blue dye that stains mainly in the nucleus b/c binds to acidic negatively charged DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acidic negatively charged red dye that stains mainly in the cytoplasm b/c binds to mostly positive proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special stain used to stain DNA or glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as cytochemistry. Tracks active enzymes in tissue b/c the active enzyme in a fixed tissue catalyzes the formation of a dense black reactive product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses antibodies to detect specific proteins or other antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flourescent reporter molecule used in immunochemistry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flourescent reporter molecule used in immunochemistry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detects a specific cellular activity like DNA or Protein synthesis using a radioactive substance to label cells ie radioactive then dna synth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to label the nucleus during dna synthesis in autoradiography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of stem cells that replenish cells lining the intestine |
|
|
Term
| Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization |
|
Definition
| detects specific RNA or DNA sequences based on complimentary pairing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses laser light to excite flourescent probes eliminating light scatter and providing superior resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permits high resolution, high magnification ultrastructural views of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtains sectional EM view |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special EM technique utilizing liquid nitrogen to quick freeze cells which are then cracked and observed using TEM. Useful for studying hydrophobic interior of phospholipid bilayers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half of bilayer associated with outside of cell using freeze fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half of bilayer associated with the cytoplasm using freeze fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Fixation 2. Dehydration 3. Clearing
4. Embedding 5. Sectioning 6. Staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to structure of the cell seen with EM |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear matrix def and 3 components |
|
Definition
non-random infrastructure of nucleus consisting of
1.Nuclear envelope/pore complex/lamina
2.Nucleolus
3.Internal Nuclear Matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane that separates cytoplasm from chromatin that is continuous with the ER |
|
|
Term
| Function of the nuclear matrix |
|
Definition
1. Framework of nucleus
2. Organizes the genomic DNA into domains to regulate gene expression and cell replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| faces cytoplasm and contains ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| faces the cytoplasm and has integral proteins to bind the nuclear lamina which in turn binds marginal heterochromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pore import into the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only mRNA,rRNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear localization signals |
|
Definition
| sequence with positively charged AA like lysine and arginine contained in proteins that target the protein to dock on nucleoporins for nuclear import |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterodimer containing alpha and beta subunits that mediates protein import |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic masking protein |
|
Definition
| protein that blocks recognition of nuclear bound proteins by importin that must be phosphorylated to enter the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short leucine rich sequences that target proteins for nuclear export |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analagous to importins; facilitate export of proteins and rna from the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early aging disease caused by defective splicing of Lamin A |
|
|
Term
| 3 disease caused by LMNA mutant gene |
|
Definition
muscular dystrophy
cardiomyopathy
progeria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of rRna production through RNA pol 1 and 3 and RNA large and small subunit assembly (note individual subunit assembly occurs here, subunits stay separate and later assemble in the nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Does nucleolus have a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage of euchromatin that is active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function on internal nuclear matrix |
|
Definition
| confers non random order to the chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive X chromosome that is always situated along the inner nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| 3 traits of pluripotent embryonic stem cell |
|
Definition
1. Lots of chromosome mobility
2. Lots of gene txn
3. little repressed heterochromatin
note-all 3 become decreased as cell differentiates |
|
|
Term
| 3 big traits of nuclear matrix |
|
Definition
1. confers non random order
2 NM proteins are tissue specific
3. NM organizes the txn and replication of Dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of sequences that dna is replicated in that are contained in the nuclear matrix |
|
|
Term
| growth factors that activate the cell cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth factors that inhibit the cell cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External factors of cell cycle regulation |
|
Definition
| growth factors, cytokines, and hormones |
|
|
Term
| internal factors of cell cycle regulation |
|
Definition
| early response genes (myc,fos), and delayed response genes (cdks and cyclins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalytic subunit in which the level in the cell stays constant during the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulatory subunit whose level increases during the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor suppressor gene bound to E2F-1 that releases its hold when phosphorylated by Cyclin D-CDK4 heterodimer |
|
|
Term
| What activates the genes for cyclins E and A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What overcomes the restriction point that keeps the cell cycle in G1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dephosphorylates cyclin B-CDK1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaphase Promoter Complex (APC) which contains ubiquitin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. loss of cellular differentiation
2. increased proliferation and invasiveness of cells
3.changes in chromosomes: rearrangement, loss or gain |
|
|
Term
| 5 gene categories mutated in cancer |
|
Definition
1. Proto-oncogenes
2. Tumor suppresor genes
3. Apoptosis regulating genes
4. Telomerase
5. Genes that repair DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that encode the proteins that activate the cell cycle including cell surface receptors, second messengers, txn factors, cyclins and cdks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutated proto-oncogenes that activate the cell-cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GTP binding protein that functions as a proto-oncogene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor that is proto-oncogene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ras, src, cyclin D, EGFR b/c mutation activates them and the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that inhibit the cell cycle including p21, p53, Rb, and BRCA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutated in 50% of cancers and has 3 major roles
1. sentinel of the genome
2. activates p21
3. directly ignites apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-apoptotic factor that when mutated can become abnormally active resulting in b-cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor necrosis factor that binds to the TNF receptor on cell membrane and checks the balance of pro and anti-apoptotic factors in the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Pro-apoptotic signals induce... resulting in... |
|
Definition
| Outer mitochondrial membrane leakiness resulting in cytochrome C escape to the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Effect of cytochrome C escape to the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| results in activation of Caspase, protease that destroys the cell organelles, and subsequent defoliation of the cell resulting in apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly repetive DNA of approximately 15000 bp in length on the end of hte chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme active in stem cells and cancer cells that restores telomeres to their normal length after each cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Target metastasis
2. Target angiogenesis
3. Target specific sick molecules |
|
|
Term
| Role of protease in metastasis |
|
Definition
| proteases especially metalloproteases facilitate metastatic spread of cancer by enabling them to eat through the ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
-antimetastatic treatment |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme cleaves dsRNA into siRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| siRNAs complex with what enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of antimolecular cancer therapy |
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibodies (rituxan for B cell non hodgkins lymphoma) and siRNA |
|
|
Term
| In what phase is the centrosome duplicated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what phase are histones synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what phase does the hyperphosphorylation of histones and non histone proteins occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non small cell lung carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug stabilizing microtubules blocking cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubule organizing center which in cells is the centrosome |
|
|
Term
| Polarity of MT in bipolar spindle apparatus |
|
Definition
| + end always faces away from the MTOC |
|
|
Term
| Gamma tubulin ring complex |
|
Definition
| large multiprotein complex containing gamma tubulin that is involved in the initiation of microtubule polymerization at MTOCs. The ring caps - end of MT preventing disassembly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoskeletal component of the cilium or flagellum with a characteristic 9+2 pattern of MT (central pair of singlet MT and 9 outer doublet)that arises from basal bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centrioles at the cell surface consisting of triplet mictrotubules that form the base of cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative sliding of the microtubles in the axoneme mediated by the molecular motor dynein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATPase motility motors that use microtubules as tracks |
|
|
Term
| What direction does kinesin travel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction does dynein travel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two ATPase head domains move across MT using a cross-bridge like cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Processivity of Dynein and kinesin |
|
Definition
| Very processive, one of the two heads is always attached to the MT at a given time. |
|
|
Term
| Fast axonal transport of vesicles |
|
Definition
| MT mediated motility in which kinesin moves a vesicle down the axon (toward +)and dynein moves it back toward the cell body (toward the -). |
|
|
Term
| Role of motor proteins in mitosis |
|
Definition
| Help to move the MT to mediate the movements of the chromosomes toward the poles and split the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organized intracellular network of three classes of protein filaments:
1. IF
2. MT
3. Actin MF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate fibrous proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cradle nucleus
2. provide mechanical strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cell movements
2. distribution of components at cell surface |
|
|
Term
| IF location of greatest concention |
|
Definition
| cells under mechanical stress |
|
|
Term
| Cytoskeletal element in desmosomal intracellular junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Nuclear Lamins
2. vimentin
3.GFAP
4.Keratins
5.NF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breast and GI primary cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important clinically for distinguishing btwn epithelial, mesenchymal and neuronal derived tumors |
|
|
Term
| Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy |
|
Definition
| Autosomal Dominant mutation of gene encoding lamins A and C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin epithelium highly susceptible to mechanical stress ie blistering of the skin |
|
|
Term
| epidermolysis bullosa simplex |
|
Definition
| excess blistering due to defective keratin |
|
|
Term
| Structural similarities and differences in IFs |
|
Definition
| Conserved alpha helical domains but N and C terminus ends are variable |
|
|
Term
| Role of alpha helical domain in IF |
|
Definition
| allow fibers to bond there to form dimers and tetramers |
|
|
Term
| Role of N and C terminus in IF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main cytoskeleton is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In nondividing cells, what is the status of IF |
|
Definition
| 1-5% of subunits exist in a free pool and can exchange with the IF cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| Assembly of subunits of IF |
|
Definition
| Soluble IF monomers assemble into dimers and form staggered antiparallel tetramers. These pack to form a nonpolarized high tensile insoluble fiber (ie stable and lacking dynamics of others) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assembly of IF subunits mediated by |
|
Definition
| phos and dephosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| How does G actin get to F actin |
|
Definition
| binds ATP and polymerizes |
|
|
Term
| What favors the stability of f-actin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treadmilling: If both ends of F actin are exposed, p0lymerization will proceed until |
|
Definition
| Conc. of free monomers is above critical Conc for + end and below critical Conc for - end so net assembly and disassembly are = |
|
|
Term
| Polymerization of MF in cells |
|
Definition
| favored b/c free actin pool is 1000 times higher than critical concentration of .1 microm. so actin binding proteins help to keep level lower so cell doesn't gel up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disrupts actin by depolymerizing F actin through binding to + end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes f actin by locking subunits together |
|
|
Term
| Types of ABP (actin binding proteins)? |
|
Definition
1. Regulation
2. Severing
3. X linking
4. Motor |
|
|
Term
| Role and ex of regulatory of ABP? |
|
Definition
Keep free actin pool low so cell doesn't gel up.
ex
1. thymosin beta4
2. profilin
3. tropomodulin
4. capping protein |
|
|
Term
| Role of Severing ABP and ex |
|
Definition
sever F actin chains
ex
ADF/cofilin and gelsolin |
|
|
Term
| Role and ex of x linking ABP |
|
Definition
have two actin binding sites separated by divergent intervening sequences in which they generate parallel and orthogonal actin arrays. (Ca2+ inhibits actin binding)
ex
spectrin,
dystrophin,
filamin,
alpha actinin,
fimbrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loosely packed contractile bundles of F actin that permit intercalation of myosin thick filaments for fibroblast contraction of connective tissue during wound healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tight parallel bundles of MF form the core |
|
|
Term
| Actin's role in regulating cytoplasmic fluidity? |
|
Definition
| orthogonal cross-linking produces actin gel that regulates fluidity |
|
|
Term
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
| mutated dystrophin is not able to bind to cortical F actin resulting in cell membrane ruptures and muscle cell degeneration |
|
|
Term
| What is often used to link the cytoskeleton to the ECM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associate with actin filaments for movement of vesicles or cell membrane protrusions |
|
|
Term
| Amoeboid movement (dendritic nucleation model) |
|
Definition
| protruding edge of a crawling cell extends through dynamic assembly/disassembly of actin filaments in a branching network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective phagocytosis due to inability to form actin based lamellipodia because of mutation in membrane protein that Arp2/3 binds to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ABP that binds to surface receptor W to mediate phagocytosis or amoeboid movement |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria movement can be mediated by |
|
Definition
| utilization of ARP complex to form actin filament that polymerizes to mediate transport |
|
|
Term
| Describe mechanism of orthagonal crosslinking mediation of clotting and ABP involved |
|
Definition
| filamin anchors forming actin network via a glycoprotein bound to a fibrous clot |
|
|
Term
| Which cell has a very high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells lack a nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are multinucleated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells have a multilobed nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils have what type of nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is euchromatin electron lucent? |
|
Definition
| Yes it will show up as lightly stained |
|
|
Term
| Is heterochormatin electron lucent? |
|
Definition
| No, electron dense so stains dark. |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the electron lucent central portion of the nucleolus? |
|
Definition
| The tips of ten chormosomes called the nucleolar organizer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron dense portion of the nucleolus in which the rRNA is undergoing txn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granular component of the nucleolus consisting of ribonuclear protein representing the nascent ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Why do cancer and embryonic cell have well developed nucleoluses |
|
Definition
| Need lots of txn for cell growth and function as well as ribosomes to make proteins |
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for a human cell to have more than one nucleolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organelle is usually located near the centrosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two symptoms of immotile cilia syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Infertility, chronic sinusitis, and bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind microtubules to
1.stabilize them
2.link them to other cytoskeletal parts
3.Facilitate their interaction with other organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin MF, spectrin, and IF form a cytoskeletal cortex just deep to the PM that help maintains cell shape |
|
|
Term
| Name some locations of cells that may have microvilli? |
|
Definition
| GI or urinary tracts ie places with a lumen |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body would you find ciliated epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory and reproductive (oviduct) tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell coat that covers the external surface of all cells with oligo and polysaccharide chains linked to PM proteins and lipids |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the glycocalyx? |
|
Definition
| Cell recognition, intercellular, absorption of molecules to cell surface, mechanical and chemical protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracellular material referred to as the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Functions of basal lamina |
|
Definition
| provides structural support and serves as a barrier to materials that may pass between epithelium and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tight junction which is a mesh-like band that encircles apical ends of lateral plasma membranes that practically eliminates intracellular space btwn the cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the staining of zonula occludens |
|
Definition
Pentalaminar (dark,light,dark,light,dark)
ie
o==oo==o |
|
|
Term
| Function of zonula occludens |
|
Definition
| blocks passage of luminal contents btwn cells |
|
|
Term
| List tissues in which zonula occludens btwn adjacent cells is necessary for proper function |
|
Definition
| Blood brain layer, intestinal epithelium, urinary bladder, kidney |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cell junctions? |
|
Definition
| occluding, adhering, and communicating |
|
|
Term
| Types of occluding junction |
|
Definition
| zonula occludens (tight junctions) |
|
|
Term
| Types of adhering junctions |
|
Definition
| Zonula adherens, Desmosomes (macula adherens), and hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Types of communicating junctions |
|
Definition
| Gap Junctions (Nexus Junctions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belt-like band that encircles epithelial cells just deep to the zonula occludens |
|
|
Term
| What is bound to integral membrane proteins using linking proteins to form an e- dense plaque at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In zonula adherens what do the extracellular domain of the glycoproteins bind homophilically with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or macula adherens are focal cell-cell adhesion sites which integrate the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytoplasmic proteins that form e- dense plaques just beneath the plasma membranes
in desmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytoplasmic proteins that form e- dense plaques just beneath the plasma membranes
in desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Fibers that form e- dense gaps at base of desmosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosome gap is bridged by transmembrane glycoproteins called |
|
Definition
| cadherins (family of cell adhesion molecules) |
|
|
Term
| Desmoglein and desmocollins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers are involved in hemidesmosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic plaque proteins in hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane proteins in hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| This type of collagen provides additional linkage to ECM from hemidesmosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what tissues would you expect to find numerous adhering junctions? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac and skeletal muscle due to mechanical stress |
|
|
Term
| Symptom of Pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoimmune diseases that affect desmosomes and hemidesmosomes |
|
Definition
| Pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigus |
|
|
Term
| Bullous pemphigus antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pemphigus vulgaris antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Junctions that allow cells to be electrically and metabolically coupled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distance across Gap junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane proteins involved in gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of electrically coupled cells? |
|
Definition
| instantaneous signal propagation ie synchronous |
|
|
Term
| Are ribosomes found in the nucleus |
|
Definition
| no subunits are assembled in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| The membrane of the ER is continuous with the membrane of what? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus (nuclear envelope) |
|
|
Term
| Function of Golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
| glycosylation of proteins and protein targeting |
|
|
Term
| four post-translation process that take place in the lumen of the rER |
|
Definition
| core glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, polypeptide folding, and subunit assembly |
|
|
Term
| Source of secretory vesicles and granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, membrane bound vesicles, homogenously filled with e- dense contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterogenous lysosome that is made when a primary lysosome fuses with an endosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicular release into ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which molecules are take into a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have cristae arrange in shelf-like layers |
|
|
Term
| Tubulovesicular mitochondria/cristae |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria with an extensively folded IMM that looks like short tubules or vesicles surround by the OMM |
|
|
Term
| Where are tubovesicular mitochondria commonly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of a tubovesicular mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| increased surface area so more steroid producing enzymes are housed since steroids are produced on demand need lots of enzymes to accomodate rapid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Fibers that bind lipid droplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two organelles w/ double membranes? |
|
Definition
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Term
| This appears as electron dense rosettes free in cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genetic defect in cytoskeletal components that changes the normal shape of rbc's |
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