Term
| What are the three types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. |
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
| Articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum, and the larynx, trachea. |
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Term
| Describe hyaline cartilage. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe elastic cartilage. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is an example of elastic cartilage? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are two attributes of fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
| It is able to withstand compression and tension. |
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
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Definition
| Intravertebral disks and minisci of the knee joint. |
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Term
| What are five functions of bone? |
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Definition
| Support, protect, permit movement, provide a mineral source (calcium and phosphate), hematopoiesis (blood cell production). |
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Term
| What are the four classifications of bone? |
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Definition
| Long bones are longer than they are wide, short bones are stumpy and often nearly cuboidal, flat bones are found in the skull, clavical, and rib cage, and irregular bones are the vertebrae, pelvic bones, and scapula. |
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Term
| What are the three regions of long bones? |
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Definition
| Diaphysis (shaft) and two end regions called the ephiphyses. |
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Term
| Which epiphysis is closer to the body? Farther away? |
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Definition
| Proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis. |
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Term
| What is the center of the diaphysis called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the medullary cavity filled with? |
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Definition
| Yellow marrow composed of fat. |
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Term
| What are the cells that tear down bone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a three-dimensional structure that forms a column of compact bone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is secreted by osteocytes to form the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| Collagen and hydroxyapatite. |
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Term
| What provides excellent compression strength in bones? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What provides the resistance to shear forces in bone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is compact bone constructed? |
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Definition
| From a series of cylindrical structures called osteons. |
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Term
| How are osteons organized? |
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Definition
| Concentric rings called lamellae. |
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Term
| What is the open area that the osteon resides in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is another name for spongy bone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is spongy bone composed of? |
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Definition
| A series of struts called trabeculae. |
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Term
| Where is red bone marrow located? What is its purpose? |
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Definition
| In the spongy bone. It is the site of red and white blood cell production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red and white blood cell production. |
|
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Term
| What covers the proximal and distal epiphyses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Other than the proximal and distal ephiphyses, what surrounds bone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is periosteum composed of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Sharpey's fibers attach to? |
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Definition
| They attach periosteum to the underlying bone. |
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Term
| How much of the osteon is organic secreted material? |
|
Definition
| About 33%. Particularly collagen and proteoglycans. |
|
|
Term
| What provides for flexibility of bone and for tensile strength? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the osteon is composed of hydroxyapatite? What is hydroxyapatite mostly composed of? |
|
Definition
| 65%. Mostly calcium phosphate. |
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Term
| What are the two general types of bone formation in development? |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. |
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|
Term
| What type of bone formation forms flat bones? |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous ossification. |
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Term
| What type of bone formation begins as a layer of connective tissue where osteoblasts settle and begin forming bone? |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous ossification. |
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Term
| What bone has irregularly organized collagen fibers and forms first? What later replaces it? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does endochondral ossification begin? |
|
Definition
| From "bones" shaped from hyaline cartilage. |
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|
Term
| What do long bones develop from? |
|
Definition
| Endochondrial ossification. |
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Term
| What is the layer surrounding the cartilage "bone?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What lays down osteoid and forms a bone collar around the cartilage "bone?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the peristeal bud contain? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels, nerves, and additional osteoclasts and osteoblasts. |
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Term
| What leads to the formation of spongy bone in the center of the cartilage "bone?" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At birth, what are the epiphyses made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epiphyseal plate closure? |
|
Definition
| When the epiphyseal plates become narrow and are eventually replaced by bone. |
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|
Term
| How do bones become thicker? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in structure between an osteoid and an osteon? |
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Definition
| The osteoid has the same structure as an osteon, but it is not mineralized. |
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Term
| What is added to the collegen fibers of the osteoid that leads to the hardening of the bone? |
|
Definition
| Calcium phosphate crystals. |
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|
Term
| What hormone activates the osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca into the blood stream? |
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Definition
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