Term
| What are groups of closely associated cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four types of tissue? |
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Definition
| Epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
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Term
| What type of tissue is the covering or lining tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue is an important component of glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the epithelium regenerate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are epithelium susceptible to producing tumors? |
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Definition
| Because it regenerates through cell division. |
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Term
| How are epithelial cells oriented? |
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Definition
| With polarity. Apical and basal surfaces. |
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Term
| What attaches the basal side of epithelial cells to the basal lamina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are epithelial cells composed of? |
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Definition
| Cells with little intercellular material between. |
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Term
| What are the two main branches of epithelia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are simple epithelia composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are stratified epithelia composed of? |
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Definition
| Multiple layers of cells. |
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Term
| What does the apical surface of epithelial cells face? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anchors epithelial cells to the basal lamina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anchors neighboring (contiguous) epithelial cells to one another? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are epithelia classified? |
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Definition
| According to the cell type that they contain and the organization of the cells. |
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Term
| What are the three epithelial cell types? |
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Definition
| Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. |
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Term
| Where would simple squamous epithelia be found? |
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Definition
| Places where rapid diffusion is important. Blood vessels, lung air sacs, and kidney glomeruli. |
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Term
| Where would cuboidal epithelia be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would simple columnar epithelia be found? |
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Definition
| Linings of most of the digestive tract. |
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Term
| What is the epithelium of the skin be an example of? |
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelia. |
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Term
| Where are intercellular junctions the most extensive and well developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are composed of transmembrane proteins which assemble to form channels that cross the plasma mebrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the gap junction channel hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name used to refer to gap junction channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What junctions are usually found near the apical tips of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are connexons comprised of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the intercellular channel of a gap junction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would happen if the intracellular concentration of calcium in one cell in the epithelial layer undergoes an increase in intracellular Calcium ions above 100 micromolar? Why? |
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Definition
| The gap junction channels close. This action prevents the movement of lethal levels of calcium from one cell to the next. |
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Term
| What are tight junctions formed from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the transmembrane protein in hemidesmosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In desmosomes, what are the transmembrane proteins which link adjacent cells in the extra cellular space called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must epithelial cells be anchored to each other and to the underlying basal lamina? |
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Definition
| Because they are often subjected to severe, shear forces. |
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Term
| For both desmmosomes and hemidesmosomes, what passes into a mat of cytoplasmic proteins that lies on the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cadherins composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage of transitional epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is composed of one or more cells and makes and secretes a particular product? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are products secreted by glands made and packaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two groups of glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the big difference between the endocrine and exocrine glands? |
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Definition
| Endocrine are ductless. Exocrine glands are ducted. |
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Term
| What are three examples of exocrine glands found in the skin? |
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Definition
| Mammary, sweat, and sebaceous (oil) glands. |
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Term
| What are the two types of epithelial cells that comprise an exocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Duct epithelium and secretory epithelium. They connect to normal surface epithelium at the top of the gland. |
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Term
| In what kind of exocrine gland secretion do the granules fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis to release their contents into the lumen of the gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what kind of secretion is the whole cell destroyed as the cell disgorges itself of its contents into the lumen of the gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| In secretory glands, is the solution progressively more or less salty as it moves through the duct to the surface? Why? |
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Definition
| Progressively less salty because of osmosis. |
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Term
| Do endocrine glands ever have ducts? |
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Definition
| Yes. They often have ducts to the surface early in development, but these ducts are lost and endocrine glands secrete hormones. |
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Term
| What causes gap junctions to open and close? |
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Definition
| The intracellular concentration of hydrogen and calcium ions. |
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Term
| What junctions connect to actin filaments intracellularly, and are anchored through the plasma membrane by cadherins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are characterized by dense plaques on the cell membrane into which intermediate filaments are plugged? |
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Definition
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Term
| For hemidesmosomes, what intracellularly connects to transmembrane proteins called integrins? |
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments (usually keratin filaments). |
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Term
| What are the four subclasses of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood. |
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Term
| What are the four functions of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Support, protection, insulation, and transportation. |
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Term
| What is the source of all connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would connective tissue such as ligament and tendon repair itself slowly? |
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Definition
| Because it is has a lack of good vascularization. |
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Term
| What type of connective tissue is not vascularized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three examples of connective tissue that provides support? |
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Definition
| Bone, ligaments, and tendons. |
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Term
| What are two examples of connective tissue that provide protection? |
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Definition
| Bone and cells in the immune system. |
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Term
| What is an example of connective tissue that provides insulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of connective tissue that provides transportation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is connective tissue that is composed of nonliving proteins that have been secreted by other cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main components to connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Cells, fibrillar proteins in the extracellular environment, and ground substance. |
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Term
| Where is mesenchyme derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ground substance largely composed of? |
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Definition
| Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) and attachment proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. |
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Term
| What are the two major varieties of fibrillar components? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tough filamentous proteins have little stretch? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can elastin filaments coil up like a spring? |
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Definition
| Because of alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of the molecule. |
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Term
| How are elastin filaments connected to adjacent elastin molecules? |
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Definition
| A glycoprotein called fibrillin. |
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Term
| What are the four cell types that cells of the mesenchyme can differentiate into? |
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Definition
| Fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, hemocytoblasts (known as hematopoietic stem cells). |
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Term
| What type of connective tissue underlies much of the epithelia? |
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Definition
| Areolar connective tissue. |
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Term
| What form of dense connective tissue is the dermis? |
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Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue. |
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Term
| What form of dense connective tissue are tendons and ligaments? |
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Definition
| Dense regular connective tissue. |
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Term
| What are adipose tissue that is an important component of connective tissue proper and are derived from fibrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serve to cushion, insulate, and provide a storage compartment which contains fat that can be easily mobilized to supply energy? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What give rise to chondrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are responsible for secreting cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three subdivisions of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic. |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
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Definition
| Compact bone and spongy bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the big difference between the epithelia and connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Epithelia is almost entirely cellular while connective tissue is largely extracellular matrix molecules. |
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