Term
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Definition
| The electrons in the molecule spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the proton in each of the two hydrogen atoms. |
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Term
| Which end of the water molecule has a negative charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of ions are readily soluble in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why aren't molecules such as lipids readily soluble in water? |
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Definition
| They are non-polar or uncharged. |
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Term
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Definition
| When molecules or ions in solution go from regions of higher to regions of lower ion concentration until the molecules are evenly distributed and equilibrium is reached. |
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Term
| In biological systems, what are the channels that permit the movement of ions from a region of higher to lower concentration, i.e., down a concentration gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What permit the diffusion of positively charged ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What permit the diffusion of negatively charged ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for water diffusion through channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| In biological systems, what are the transmembrane proteins that permit the diffusion of water molecules down a concentration gradient called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is referred to as the "elixir of life?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What does amphipathic refer to? |
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Definition
| Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics. |
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Term
| What is an example of an amphipathic molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides the boundary between the inside and outside of the cell and allows for the separation of ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Essentially a lipid bilayer punctuated by membrane proteins. |
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Term
| What are proteins constructed of? |
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Definition
| Long chains of amino acids. |
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Term
| How many common amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do amino acids contain? |
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Definition
| Carboxyl group and an amino group linked by a carbon + an R group attached to this carbon. |
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Term
| What is characteristic for each of the 20 amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What determines an amino acid's identity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the peptide bond? |
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Definition
| The site where amino acids are linked one to another in the chain. |
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Term
| What controls peptide bond formation? |
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Definition
| The ribosome where mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA come together in the act of protein translation. |
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Term
| What is the secondary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the function of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the protein's three-dimensional shape? |
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Definition
| The interaction of the R groups. |
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Term
| What are phospholipids constructed from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is glycerol constructed from? |
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Definition
| A three carbon chain with one hydroxyl (OH) group attached to each carbon. |
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Term
| What are fatty acids constructed from? |
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Definition
| Long chains of carbon with a carboxylic acid group at one end. |
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Term
| What forms the backbone of a lipid molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does esterfication yield? |
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Definition
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Term
| What links amino acids one to another? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the carbon on the carboxyl group forms a covalent bond with the nitrogen in the amine group in the adjacent amino acid. |
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Term
| For phospholipids, what is the third carbon on the glycerol linked to? |
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Definition
| A phosphate (PO3) by an ester linkage which is in turn linked to another molecule such as choline, serine, or ethanolamine through an ester bond. |
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Term
| In all cells, what is the interface between the environment inside the cell and the outside world? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what model does the cell membrane consist of a bilayer of phospholipids punctuated by proteins that span the bilayer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do proteins in the membrane provide? |
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Definition
| Access in and out of the cell for charged ions. (Hydrophilic pathways.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound compartments. |
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Term
| Microtubules are made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate filaments are made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microfilaments are made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cell with a single, circular stand of DNA, free ribosomes and proteins dispersed through out is most likely what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does a protein in the membrane of a eukaryotic cell most likely originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a lysosome made up of? |
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Definition
| A plasma membrane and specialized hydrolytic enzymes. |
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Term
| Kinesin is an enzyme that steps along microtubles, 8nm at a time. To do this, it must cleave ____ into ____. This makes it a ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of helicase? |
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Definition
| To break hydrogen bonds in double stranded DNA. |
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Term
| T or F: The base pairs in DNA are bound to each other via covalent bonding. |
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Definition
| False. Bound together with hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
| Why doesn't the process of transcription require helicase? |
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Definition
| Because RNA polymerase has properties that allow it to break the hydrogen bonds between bases. |
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Term
| when is mRNA ready to be translated as is? |
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Definition
| When it leaves the nucleus. |
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Term
| When a mRNA strand has codons that encode a single peptide, the protein will be processed through the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultimately, where will this protein end up? |
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Definition
| Transmembrane proteins, released from the cell via exocytosis, or to enter the lysosomes. |
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Term
| What determines the function of a protein? |
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Definition
| The three-dimensional shape it is folded into. |
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Term
| What determines a protein's three-dimensional shape? |
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Definition
| Interaction of the R groups. |
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Term
| What are the three general types of ribonucleic acid in cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs in the Golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are large vesicles called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the primary sites of energy production in cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What imposes some structure and organization to cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chromosomes primarily composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are DNA binding proteins that are located in the cell nucleus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a nucleosome constructed of? |
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Definition
| Eight histone molecules (octomer). |
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Term
| What term refers to DNA that is visible in the light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are DNA binding proteins located in the cell nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a single, long thread of DNA that must be packaged into the cell nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a nucleosome constructed from? What is another name for this? |
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Definition
| Eight histone molecules. Octamer. |
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Term
| What links one deoxyribose to the next along a strand of DNA? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of bonds hold together the two strands of DNA? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does adenine always pair with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does cytosine always pair with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What causes the double helix's characteristic pitch? |
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Definition
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Term
| From DNA to Protein. Replication of the DNA Molecule. |
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Definition
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