Term
| golgi tendon organs (GTO) |
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Definition
-proprioceptors located in tendons that attach end to end
-activated when attached to an active muscle is stretched |
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Term
|
Definition
-R/L atria deliver blood to R/L ventricles
-R/L ventricles provide the main force for moving blood |
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Term
|
Definition
-also called atrioventricular valves
-prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into atria during ventricular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-semilunar valves
-prevent backflow from the aorta & pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Sinoatrial node (SA node) |
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Definition
-pacemaker of the heart
-where electrical impulses are initiated |
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Term
| atrioventricular node (AV node) |
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Definition
| where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles |
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Term
| atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle) |
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Definition
| conducts the impulse to the ventricles |
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Term
| L/R bundle branch divide into... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| conducts impulses to all parts of ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Atria receives which kinds of nervous system fibers |
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Definition
| parasympathetic & sympathetic |
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Term
| ventricles receive which kind of nervous system fibers |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart
(P wave, QRS complex, T wave) |
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Term
|
Definition
| atrial depolarization (results in contraction) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries blood away from the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| returns blood toward the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| job is to rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
-small branches of arteries
-help regular blood flow to capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| facilitates exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, etc. between the blood and interstitial fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| collect blood from capillaries and move them into larger veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport blood back to the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| iron protein molecule carries by red blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| first generation respiratory passage |
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Term
|
Definition
-split into R/L
-second generation passages and split into bronchioles |
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Term
|
Definition
| where gases are exchanged in respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure in space between lung pleura and chest wall |
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Term
|
Definition
-membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls
-pressure is usually negative |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure inside alveoli when glottis is open & no air flow in or out of lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| an electrical nerve impulse |
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Term
| Sliding-Filament Theory[image] |
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Definition
| the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and this shortening the muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament |
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Term
|
Definition
| another protein molecule which runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix |
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Term
|
Definition
| the energy for pulling action |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, causing excitation of the sarcolemma |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stronger action potential cannot produce a stronger contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| brief contraction of the muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| high frequency twitches that eventually completely fuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow-twitch muscle fibers - generally efficient and fatigue resistant and have high capacity for aerobic energy supply but have limited potential for rapid force development |
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Term
|
Definition
| fast twitch muscle fibers - greater capacity for aerobic metabolism and more capillaries surrounding them |
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Term
|
Definition
| fast twitch muscle fibers - high anaerobic power; show greater resistance to fatigue than IIa |
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Term
|
Definition
| develop force and relax slowly and have a long twitch time |
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Term
|
Definition
| develops force and relaxes rapidly and have a short twitch time |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors located within joints, muscles and tendons |
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Term
|
Definition
| proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of shoulder girdle, arm, wrist and hand bones, pelvic girdle, and the bones of the legs, ankles and feet |
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Term
|
Definition
very little movement allowed
e.g. skull sutures |
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Term
|
Definition
allow limited movement
e.g. intervertebral discs |
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Term
|
Definition
allow considerable movement
e.g. elbow, knee |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covers articulating bone ends |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid inside joint capsules |
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Term
|
Definition
joints that rotate around only one axis
e.g. the elbow |
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Term
|
Definition
joints that allow movement around two perpendicular axes
e.g. ankle or wrist joints |
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Term
|
Definition
joints that allow movement around all three perpendicular axes
e.g. the shoulder and hip |
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Term
|
Definition
| 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanisms through which the musculoskeletal components interact to create movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| where muscles are directly attached to bone, usually proximal end |
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Term
|
Definition
| blend with muscle and connective tissue surrounding bone (tendons) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle that can slow down or stop the movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| assisting indirectly in a movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| covers skeletal muscles and is continuous with tendons |
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Term
|
Definition
| covers fascicles (groups of muscle fibers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covers individual muscle fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Space between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Each muscle cell has only one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. All fibers of a motor unit contract together |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consist of myosin and actin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin. This band decreases during contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the middle of the I band which is pulled toward the center during a contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| myosin. the middle of the A band which becomes smaller during a contraction as actin slides over myosin towards the center of the sarcomere |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds each myofibril and terminate at the Z lines. Stores Ca+ ions. Ca+ regulation controls contractions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Run perpendicular to the SR, ending at the Z lines between vesicles. Delivers AP simultaneously to all depths of a muscle fiber |
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Term
| Sources of resistance to muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| Gravity, inertia, friction, fluid resistance and elasticity |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanisms through which the musculoskeletal components interact to create movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| where muscles are directly attached to bone, usually proximal end |
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Term
|
Definition
| blend with muscle and connective tissue surrounding bone (tendons) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that can slow down or stop the movement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| assisting indirectly in a movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid/semirigid body that when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through a pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate |
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka lever arm, force arm, torque arm
-perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| force generated by biochemical activity, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| force generated by a source external to the body that is contrary to muscle force (gravity, inertia, friction) |
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Term
|
Definition
| lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum |
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Term
|
Definition
aka moment
the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in velocity per unit time |
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Term
|
Definition
defined as the time rate of doing work - formula: power = work/time
also loosely defined as "explosive strength" |
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Term
|
Definition
| work performed on a muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| angle through which an object rotates on |
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Term
|
Definition
| object's rotational speed; measured in radians per second (rad/s) |
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|
Term
| rotational work (formula) |
|
Definition
| work = torque x angular displacement |
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|
Term
| biomechanical factors that are involved in the manifestation of human strength |
|
Definition
| neural control, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle fiber arrangement, muscle length, joint angle, muscle contraction velocity, joint angular velocity, and body size |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibers that align obliquely with the tendon, creating a feather-like arrangement |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle lengthens because the contractile forces is less than the resistive force |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force |
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|
Term
| What are the most common sources of resistance for strength training? |
|
Definition
| gravity, inertia, friction, fluid resistance, and elasticity |
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Term
|
Definition
downward force on an object from the pull of gravity, aka object's weight
formula: Force = mass x acceleration |
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Term
|
Definition
| flow of energy in a biological system |
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Term
|
Definition
| break down of larger molecules into smaller ones |
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Term
|
Definition
| building of energy from catabolic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy releasing reactions that are generally catabolic |
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Term
|
Definition
| require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of a muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| the total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system |
|
|
Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
| allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| do not require the presence of oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phosphagen/glycolytic systems |
|
Definition
| anaerobic mechanisms that occur in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aerobic mechanisms that occur in the mitochondria of the muscle cell and require oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy |
|
|
Term
| The hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by the presence of ....? |
|
Definition
| an enzyme called adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for crossbridge recycling |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme responsible for pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme responsible for maintaining the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| ADP, has 2 phosphate groups |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an inorganic phosphate molecule |
|
|
Term
| further hydrolysis of ADP cleaves the second phosphate group and yields....? |
|
Definition
| adenosine monophosphate (AMP) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-also called phosphocreatine (PCr)
-a high energy phosphate molecule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-also called myokinase
-single enzyme that can rapidly replenish ATP |
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|
Term
| law of mass action or mass action affect |
|
Definition
| the concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the direction of the reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the end result of glycolysis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fast glycolysis
-ATP generated faster due to pyruvate turning into lactate and regenerating NAD+ |
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Term
|
Definition
slow glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
-ATP generated at slower rate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process of an exercise induced decrease in pH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when lactate is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to glucose |
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|
Term
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) |
|
Definition
-produced during glycolytic reactions
-get transported into mitochondria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process of adding an inorganic phosphate (Pi) to another molecule |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is stimulated by......? |
|
Definition
| High concentrations of ADP, Pi and ammonia, as well as a slight decrease in pH and AMP |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is inhibited by.....? |
|
Definition
| Markedly lower pH, ATP, CP, citrate and free fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Important regulatory enzymes of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| hexokinase, PFK and pyruvate kinase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreased its turnover rate and slows product formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an activator binds with the regulatory enzyme and increases its turnover rate |
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|
Term
| Most important regulator of glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative intensity at which blood lactate begins a sharp increase above the baseline concentration |
|
|
Term
| Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) |
|
Definition
| OCCURS WHEN BLOOD LACTATE REACHES 4 mmol/L |
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|
Term
| How much glycogen is stored in the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Muscle glycogen is a more important energy source than liver glycogen during moderate- and high intensity exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to postexercise ___________ ingestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumption) |
|
Definition
| the oxygen uptake above resting values used to retore the body to the preexercise condition |
|
|
Term
| Which sports would require maximal sustained effort to exhaustion or near exhaustion? |
|
Definition
| middle-distance sprints (400m to 1600m) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
intensity of active portion of duty cycle
duration of active portion of duty cycle
intensity of recovery portion of duty cycle
duration of recovery portion of duty cycle
number of duty cycles performed in each set
number of sets
rest time between sets
recovery intensity between sets
mode of exercise for HIIT |
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