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| the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggest that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces |
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| a personality characterized by a lack of warmth and feeling, inappropriate behavior responses, and an inability to learn from experience. Some psychologists view psychopathy as a result of childhood trauma; others see it as a result of biological abnormality |
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| the physical characteristics (enormous jaws and strong canine teeth) of criminals that show they are throwbacks to more primitive times |
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| the view that criminality is the result of inherited physical traits; a belief that criminogenic traits can be aquired through indirect heredity from a degenerate family whose members suffered from sich ills as insanity, syphilis, and alchoholism, or through direct heredity-being related to a family of criminals |
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| the field of study that believes that serious offenders inherit criminal trait; eary efforts to discover a biological basis of crime through measurement of physical and mental processes |
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| traced the activities of serveral generations of families believed to have an especially large number of criminal members |
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| a system developed for categorizing people on the basis of their body build |
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| an intergrated theoretical approach that suggests physical, environmental, and social conditions work in concert to produce human behavior |
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| the view that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature |
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| stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived |
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| even when they come to the aid of others, people are motivated by the belief that their actions will be reciprocated and that their gene survival capability will be enhanced |
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| if biological (genetic) makeup controls human behavior, it follows that it should also be responsible for determining whether a person chooses law-violating or conventional behavior |
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| view that all individuals are equal at birth and are thereafter influenced by their environment |
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| occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning |
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| male sex hormones that produce aggressive behavior |
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| the most abundant androgen and principal male steroid hormone that controls secondary sex characteristics such as facial hair and voice timbre |
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| the part of the brain that controls sympathetic feelings toward others |
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| the onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive ammounts of the female sex hormone that affects antisocial, aggresive behavior |
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| allergies that cause an excessive reaction in the brain |
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| allergies that affect the nervous system |
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| the study of brain activity |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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| records the electrical impulsives given off by the brain |
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| Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) |
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| an abruptly appearing, maladaptive behavior that interrups an individual's lifestyle and life flow that is related to an abnormality in teh cerebral structure |
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| a type of minimal brain disfunction in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken or written language |
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| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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| a condition in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity |
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| behaviors such as fighting that are early signs that the child is among the most at risk for persistant antisocial behaviors continuing into adulthood |
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| Chemical restraints or chemical straitjackets |
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| antipsychotic drugs such as Hadol, Stelazine, Prolixin, and Risperdal that help control levels of neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and dopamine) |
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| for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, some people's brains function differently in response to envronmental stimuli |
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| it is possible that what appear to be genetic effect picked up by the twin research is actually the affect of sibling influence on criminality |
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| Charles Goring uncovered a significant relationship b/w crime and traits as feeblemindedness, epilepsy, insanity, and defective social instinct, which he called "defective intelligience" |
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| Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic perspective |
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| focus is on early childhood experience and its effect on personality |
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| stresses social learning and behavior modeling as the keys to criminality |
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| analyzes human perception and how it affects behavior |
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| the primitive part of an individual's mental makeup present at birth; it represents unconcious biological drives for sex, food, and other life-sustaining necessities |
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| the ID requires instant gratification w/o concern for the rights of others |
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| the part of the personality that compensates for the demands of the ID by helping the individual guide his or her actions to remain w/i the boundaries of social convention |
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| ego takes into account what is practical and conventional by societal standards |
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| develops as a result of incorporating w/i the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others. It is the moral aspect of an individual's personality; it passes judgement on behavior |
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| 1 or 2 parts of the superego; it distinguishes b/w what is right and wrong |
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| part of superego; directs the individual into morally acceptable and responsible behaviors that may not be pleasurable |
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| the instinct to preserve and creat life |
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| the death instinct, which is expressed as aggression |
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| named by Freud, it is the first year of life in which a child attains pleasure by sucking and biting |
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| the second and third years of life in which the focus of sexual attention is on the elimination of bodily wastes |
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| occurs during the third year when children focus their attention on their genitals |
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| a stage of development where males begin to have sexual feelings for their mothers |
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| a stage of development when females begin to have sexual feelings for their fathers |
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| begins at age 6; during this period feelings of sexuality are repressed until the genital stage begins at puberty |
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| an adult who exhibits behavior traits charactic of those encoutered during infantile sexual development |
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| coined by Alfred Adler, it describes peoiple who have feeling of inferiority and compensate for them with a drive for superiority |
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| a period of serious personal questioning people undertake in an effort to determine their own values and sense of direction |
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| a predisposition that psychologically prepares youth for antisocial acts |
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| a condition in which a person's moods alternate b/w period of wild elation and deep depression |
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| a view, associated with John Bowlby, that suggest the ability to form attachments, that is an emotional bond to another person , has important lasting psychological implicatiuonsthat follow people across the life span |
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| a deficit in emotion cognition that prevents a person from being aware of their feelings or being able to understand or talk about their thoughts or emotions; they seem robotic and emotionally dead |
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| includes severe mental disorders, such as depression, bipolar (manic depression), and schizophrenia |
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| the condition in which a person exhibits illogical and incoherent thought processes and a lack of insight into their behavior |
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| the conditions in which a person may hear nonexistent voices, hallucinater, and make innappropriate behavioral responses |
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| suffers complex behavior delusions involving wrongdoing or persecution; they think everyone is out to get them |
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| the branch of behavior theory that proposes that people are not actually born with the abilty to be violent but that they learn to be aggresive through their life experiences |
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| process of learning behavior (noteably aggression) by observing others; the models may be parents, criminals in the neighborhood, or characters on TV or in movies |
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| concerned with the way people morally represent and reason about the world |
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| stresses self-awareness and "getting in touch with feelings" |
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| focuses on the way people process, store, encode, retrieve, and manipulate information to make decisions and solve problems |
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| the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, incluidng thoughts and emotions that distinguish one person from another |
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| Sadistic personality disorder |
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| an extreme disorder defined by a repeat pattern of cruel and demaning behavior. People suffering from this are prone to engage in violent attacks including homicides motivated by sexual sadism |
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| a term commonly used to describe people who have an anti-social personality. While used interchangibly with the term sociopath, psychologists distinguish a psychopath as someone who is a product of a defect or aberration w/i them self |
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| a term commonly used to describe people who have anti-social personality. While used interchangibly with psychopath, phychologists distinguish a sociopath as someone who is a product of a destructive home environment |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| the test that has subscales designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation (Pd scale), schizophrenia (Sc), and hypomania (Ma) |
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| Califonia Personality Inventory (CPI) |
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| has been used to distinguish deviants from nondevient groups |
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| Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) |
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| allows researchers to assess such personality traits as control, aggression, alientation, and well-being |
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| a term that refers to a person's ability to reason, comprehend ideas, solve problems, think abstractly, understand complex ideas, learn from experience, and discover solutions to complex problems |
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| a theory that argues intelligences is largely determines genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior |
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| a theory that aruges intelligence must be viewed as partly biological but primarily sociological and that low IQs result from an environment that also encourages delinquent and criminal behavior |
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| Primary Prevention Programs |
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| programs that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime |
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| Secondary Prevention Programs |
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| provide treatment such as psychological counseling to youths and adults after they have violated the law |
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| Tertiary Prevention Programs |
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| prevention programs that are required by a probation order, part of a diversionary sentence, or associated with aftercare following a prison sentence |
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