Term
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Definition
| a threefold definition entailing crimes against the state, crimes by the state (both domestic and transnational) |
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Term
| Political Crime against the state |
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Definition
| violations of law for the purpose of modifying or changing social conditions. Differ from other crimes discussed in that they are not engaged in for personal gain. They are instead committed on behalf of a specific group (class, race, gender, political party). Also usually overt and public rather than covert and secret. |
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Term
| Domestic crimes by the state |
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Definition
| violations of law and unethical acts by state officials and agencies that occurs inside the U.S. |
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Term
| Transnational crimes by the state |
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Definition
| violations of domestic and international law by state officials and agencies that occurs outside the U.S. |
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Term
| Example of violent crime against the state |
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Definition
1. political assassination(Lincoln. Kennedy)
2. Domestic terrorism (anti-abortion violence)
2.International terrorism (Al Qaeda) |
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Term
| Example of NON-violent crimes against the state |
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Definition
| Social movements and Civil disobedience (Civil rights movement) |
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Term
| Examples of domestic crimes by the state |
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Definition
1. Corruption: bribery, election fraud, corrupt campaign practices (Watergate scandal)
2. Political repression (Watergate scandal)
3. State collusion in Corporate crime (lobbies and interest groups) |
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Term
| Transnational crimes by the state example |
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Definition
| State terrorism (rendition program: sending prisoners to other countries to be tortured) |
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Term
| Examples of transnational crime against the state |
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Definition
1. International espionage
2.Globalization and terror: the new era of warfare |
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Term
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Definition
| illegal or socially injurious acts of intent or indifference that are committed in order to further corporate goals and that physically and/or economically harm individuals in the U.S. and/or abroad. |
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Term
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Definition
| corporate crime victimizes large numbers of people throughout the world, and it is considerably more harmful and dangerous than the crimes already discussed. Corporate violence exceeds the amount of interpersonal violence in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
1. corporate violence: against employees, sale of unsafe products
2. illegal business practices: price fixing, stock fraud, fraudulent accounting, tax violation- - bribing of public officials, price fixing and gouging, false financial reporting, deceptive advertisement
3.regulatory offenses: Environmental violations, labor violations, unfair trade practices |
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Term
| Why is corporate crime not regarded as a crime |
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Definition
• Difficulty of detection
• “Normal” business practices
• Political disinterest |
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Term
| gender inequality, the structural subordination of women, and the power and dominance accorded men in U.S. society |
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Definition
| male violence toward women derives from |
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Term
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Definition
| chief perpetrators of almost all forms of crime? |
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Term
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Definition
| have a virtual monopoly on the commission of syndicated, corporate, and political crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| engage in mostly petty forms of theft (shoplifting, fraud) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| women's subordinate position in the gender division of labor |
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Definition
| structures the type of embezzlement women commit |
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Term
| female fraud, shoplifting, and other forms of petty theft |
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Definition
| feminization of poverty is associated with |
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Term
| their power to exclude women systematically from positions where these crimes originate |
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Definition
| males dominate in syndicated, corporate, and political crimes because of |
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Term
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Definition
| Perpetrators and victims of most crimes belong to |
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Term
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Definition
| Crimes against the corporation: Embezzlement, forgery, frau |
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Term
| types of occupational fraud |
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Definition
1.Medical fraud
2. insider trading |
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Term
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Definition
-fraudulent billing by the physicians
-poor quality of service provided to welfare recipients
-illegal distribution of controlled substances
-improper relations with patients |
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Term
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Definition
-stock transactions with inside information
-legal and illegal |
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Term
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Definition
-organized crime and immigration:
-prejudices
-discrimination and criminal opportunity
-pre-existing networks of crime
-boost from harrison act and the national prohibition act
-black hand and the 5 points gang
-urban crime: drugs, alcohol, prostitution, and gambling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| crime as a way of life (values) |
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Definition
loyalty
non-interference
rational action
honor and integrity
respect women and elders
acceptance of fate |
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Term
| suppression of organized crime acts |
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Definition
- Anti-racketeering act of 1934
-hobbs anti-racketeering act 1946
-organized crime control act 1970: title IX
-racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations act (RICO) |
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Term
| comparative (cultural) criminology |
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Definition
| the systematic and theoretically informed comparison of crime in 2 or more cultures. helps answer questions about crime: why some countries have low crime rates and whether a criminological theories can be generalized in other societies |
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Term
| two forms of cultural relativism |
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Definition
1. epistemological relativism
2. methodological relativism |
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Term
| epistemological relativism |
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Definition
| the extraordinary claim that one can understand another culture only thought the prism of one's own culturally determined system of values. |
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Term
| methodological relativism |
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Definition
| a strategy that operates as a sensitizing device to variation in the definition and meaning of crime in other cultures. (try to understand another culture's definition and construction of crime in their terms rather than your own) |
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Term
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Definition
| stealing merchandise and job related items from one's workplace (one of the most pervasive and costly crimes in the U.S.) |
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Term
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Definition
| adds approx. 15 percent to the price of all retail goods, and most of this is attributable to employees. ($400 billion annually) |
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Term
| perceived unfairness in the workplace (ex:being underpaid) |
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Definition
| the main reason for employee theft |
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Term
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Definition
| professionals, executives, and small business persons who maintain individuality and control over their labor power but have infrequent contact with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| work-related expenses- example: falsify costs of entertainment and meals as business expenses |
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Term
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Definition
| have little autonomy, are not isolated from others, and have no control over their labor power. |
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Term
| donkey employee theft examples |
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Definition
under or not charging family and friends
taking from the till |
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Term
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Definition
| have little autonomy and lack control over their labor power, but their jobs require a group of workers |
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Term
| wolves employee theft examples |
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Definition
| (airport baggage handlers) need the support of the group to steal. |
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Term
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Definition
| have considerable individual autonomy, yet that autonomy operates withing a loosely structured work group setting (waiters) |
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Term
| vultures employee theft examples |
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Definition
| coordinated group of truck drivers arranged the private delivery of stolen company goods on company time. |
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Term
| percent of arrests for African americans |
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Definition
| while they make up only 13% of the population, this race accounts for 28% of all arrests |
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Term
| african american and white youths |
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Definition
| report similar involvement in youth crime |
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Term
| african american adults and youth |
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Definition
| report more involvement in the most serious conventional crimes, especially crimes of interpersonal violence |
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Term
| economically deprived racial groups (Such as african americans) |
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Definition
| are more likely to be involved in violent crime and victimization than racial groups who do not experience economic deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| more often the victims of violent crime |
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Term
| the result of racial and economic inequalities |
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Definition
| cause of over-representation of african american adults and youths in conventional crime statistics |
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Term
| has increased since the mid-1950s |
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Definition
| economic inequality between white and african american youths |
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Term
| unemployment and income inequality |
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Definition
| economic conditions associated with the poor and working classes that plat a significant role in the perpetuation of crimes |
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Term
| relative class deprivation and inequality |
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Definition
| conductive to higher rates of conventional property crime |
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Term
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Definition
- Frank Serpico and the Knapp Commission in the
NYPD - “grass and meat eaters”(1971)
- The Ramparts Scandal in the LAPD- C.R.A.S.H (1997-2001) |
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Term
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Definition
| peaks at years 13-17 for property crime declines rapidly, and years 18-19 for violent crime and declines much slowly. |
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Term
| reason for age and crime rate |
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Definition
| - desire, lack of means, and property crime - identity anxiety and violent crime |
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Term
- legitimate sources of income
- age graded norms and maturity
- differences in peer association and lifestyle
- increased legal and social costs of crime
- different patterns of illegitimate
opportunities |
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Definition
| Why does crime rate decline in the 20s? |
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Term
| Major economic determinants of crime |
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Definition
| unemployment, Income inequality and poverty, and job quality |
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Term
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Definition
A crime committed by a person of
respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation |
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Term
| types of white collar crime |
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Definition
1. occupational crimes
2. corporate crimes
3. transnational corporate crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| entail far more victimization, in terms of economic loss and lives injured and lost, than other crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
•Definitions need to be same across space and time
•Independent and dependent variables under study needs to be present in all cases
•Effect of extraneous variables need to be checked
•Explanations need to be informed by a theoretical framework |
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