Term
| Involved in a racially-charged hate crime (murder) in Jasper, Texas. |
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Definition
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Term
| These three men rode around in a pickup truck on June 7, 1998, drinking beer and looking for women. |
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Definition
| Bill King, Russell Brewer, Shawn Berry |
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Term
| Date of James Byrd's Death |
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Definition
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Term
| After offering this passenger a ride, three bigots forced him out of the truck, beat him up, and spray painted his face black. Then they dragged him behind the truck for more than 2 miles, decapitating him along the way. |
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Definition
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Term
| James Byrd was chosen because __________, but it wasn't personal, it could have been any _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hate or bias crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic. |
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Term
| Hate or bias crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Harlow's definition of a hate crime |
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Definition
| "An ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when offenders choose a victim because of some characteristic -- for example, race, ethnicity, or religion -- and provide evidence that hate prompted them to commit the crime." |
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Term
| "An ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when offenders choose a victim because of some characteristic -- for example, race, ethnicity, or religion -- and provide evidence that hate prompted them to commit the crime." |
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Definition
| Harlow's definition of a hate crime |
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Term
| Culture of Hate (Levin & McDevitt) |
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Definition
| A person's group affiliation continues to provide a basis for dehumanizing and insulting treatment. |
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Term
| A person's group affiliation continues to provide a basis for dehumanizing and insulting treatment. |
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Definition
| Culture of hate (Levin & McDevitt) |
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Term
| Hatred is expressed in mass culture through: |
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Definition
| Art, music, religion, and humor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thrill seeking, defensive, and mission |
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Term
| Thrill seeking Hate Crimes |
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Definition
| Most common type. No precipitating incident, looking to harass those who are "different", psychological thrill of making someone suffer, social payoff of friend approval. Happens in groups. |
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Term
| Two high school students asked two other students, one from India and one from Japan, for directions and let them come up to their truck. They then punched them in the face and drove off, looking for more international students to harass. What type of crime is this? |
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Definition
| Thrill-Seeking Hate Crime |
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Term
| What is the interchangeability of victims? |
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Definition
| Any victim may be selected within a group for torture or abuse. The hate crime does not signal a personal vendetta but rather a blanket hate of a large group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction to what the perpetrator considers a precipitating or triggering incident to serve as a catalyst for the expression of their anger. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular individual or set of individuals involved in a defensive hate crime who are perceived to constitute threat. |
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Term
| Defensive hate crimes are characterized by a sense of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An attack carried out by individuals with a mission, seeking to rid the world of "evil" by disposing a member of a despised group. Perpetrator believes he/she has a higher purpose in carrying out the crime. |
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Term
| Rarest form of hate crime |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ criminals seek to eliminate the "entire category" of an undesired group. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1989, Marc Lepine ordered male students at the University of Montreal Engineering School to leave. He then proceeded to shoot the remaining females, expressing a hatred for all women. What type of crime is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hate Crime Statistics' definition of a hate crime |
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Definition
| "Crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity" |
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Term
| "All persons within the US shall have the right to be free from crimes of violence motivated by gender." -- ___________ |
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Definition
| Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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Term
| Expands 1969 federal hate crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. |
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Definition
| 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act |
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Term
| 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act |
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Definition
| Expands 1969 federal hate crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. |
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Term
| What did the 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes prevention act expand the 1969 federal hate crime law to include? |
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Definition
| Crimes motivated by a victim's gender identity or disability. |
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Term
| In 1997, the NCVS developed questions to identify victims of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| NCVS hate crime definition |
|
Definition
| "those incidents in which victims believe the offender selected them for a victimization because of one or more of their personal characteristics." |
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Term
|
Definition
| Racial, ethnic, religious, sexual orientation, disability |
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Term
| NCVS definition requires ___________ of hate motivation at the incident. Give 3 examples of this: |
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Definition
| Corroborating evidence. 1) The offender used derogatory language 2) The offender left hate symbols 3) The police conformed a hate crime had taken place. |
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|
Term
| Langton and Planty determined that: |
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Definition
| The rate of violent hate crime has decreased from 2003-2009. |
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Term
| ____________ are the primary factors to be targeted for a hate crime (from the victim's perspective) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In ____% of the crimes, hate language (racial epithets) were used. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who had higher crime victimization rates: males or females? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| People of 2 or more races had the _______ hate crime victimization of any race. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Category of crimes also called consensual crimes, vice crimes, and victimless crimes. |
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Term
| Category of crimes also called consensual crimes, vice crimes, and victimless crimes. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of crime involves the dilemma of policing morality vs protection of society. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two opposing viewpoints of public order crimes |
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Definition
| Policing morality vs protection of society -- these crimes are only hurting the offenders, OR these crimes are hurting others as well (such as families) |
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Term
| Consensual criminals are often led to commit _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do laws against consensual crime do more harm than good? |
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Definition
-Influence police/official corruption
-Lead consensual offenders to commit other types of crime
-Generate public disrespect for the law
-Divert time, energy, and money away from more serious crimes
-Provide revenue for organized crime |
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|
Term
| _____ is common in contemporary USA. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When underage minors consume alcohol illegally, it is considered a _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of high school seniors used alcohol in the past year? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of college students drank alcohol in the past year? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of college students reported binge drinking within 2 weeks? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____% of persons age 12+ have used an illegal drug at least once in their lifetime. Mostly _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Drugs are used ____ now than they were in the 1970s. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connection between economic deprivation and drug use? |
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Definition
| Less economic resources have less private access to drugs, leading to more incarceration/punishment |
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|
Term
| Borgois' book on drug selling |
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Definition
| In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio |
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|
Term
| How much do crack dealers earn, according to Borgois? |
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Definition
| 7-8$ per hour, with exceptional nights |
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|
Term
| What is the pull of crack dealing in poor working conditions versus other low-wage work? |
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Definition
| Seen as a kind of dignity that is impossible to achieve in conventional low-wage work. |
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Term
| Name the approaches to legalization. |
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Definition
| Alcohol model, lassiez-faire model, decriminalize certain drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| There is a strong correlation between illegal drug use and other types of crime. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hands off, no state control |
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Term
| Decriminalizing certain drugs |
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Definition
| Decriminalizing some drugs but not all - decriminalizing certain drugs like possession of marijuana |
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Term
| Pro-legalization arguments (8) |
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Definition
-Drug laws create crime and problems they are intended to stop
-Drug laws cost money to enforce
-Drug laws fill prisons
-Drug laws create disrespect for the law
-Drug laws are good for organized crime
-Drug laws create opportunity for official corruption
-Tax - money used to prevent more drug use
-Civil liberties |
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|
Term
| Anti-legalization argument |
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Definition
| Drug laws reduce the use of illegal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Take a public-health approach to the problem, seeing users as people who need help. Goal is to reduce harm involved in these activities, like using sterile needles, etc |
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Term
| What are benefits of higher-paid prostitution jobs (call girl) vs low-paid prostitution jobs (street walker)? |
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Definition
-Call girls know who is a safe client
-Call girls can work behind closed doors
-Streetwalkers do not have as much protection
-Streetwalkers must work in public |
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|
Term
| What is the Chesney-Lind model of entering prostitution? |
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Definition
1) Leave home environment in hopes of a better one.
2) Find themselves on the street
3) Engage in survival sex |
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|
Term
| Histories of __________ and patterns of ________ lead to prostitution. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name 4 pathways into prostitution. |
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Definition
1) Runaways (street prostitutes)
2) Recruited by pimps
3) Drifting into prostitution
4) Working in other branches of the sex industry (strip clubs) and later experimenting with prostitution |
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|
Term
| Streetworker vs. Indoor Sex Worker samples comparing groups found that victimization proportions are higher among which group? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How might off-street workers be less protected than street workers? |
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Definition
| More vulnerable away from the public eye (i.e. hotel rooms) but less risk customers. |
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Term
| Street workers spend _____ time with the customers, but call-girls develop a ______ relationship. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All sex workers endure a stigma that requires them to: |
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Definition
| Compartmentalize their real selves from the selves that engage in prostitution. |
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Term
| What was the predominant focus of the 2009 Weitzer study on prostitution? |
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Definition
| Female, illegal street workers |
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Term
| What are under researched topics in prostitution today? |
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Definition
| Customers and managers, male and transgendered workers, indoor prostitution, legal prostitution |
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Term
| Name of professor who studied the implications of professional wrestling in Wrestling With Manhood: Boys, Bullying, and Battering |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Wrestling is described as a ____ for men. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Much of the wrestling dialogue focuses on ______ and being a _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gay wrestlers are not considered _____ in the world of wrestling. Thus, being gay is the ultimate ______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _____ of women is common/normal in the wrestling world. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most powerful bully in wrestling, ultimately couldn't separate personal and ring life, wife called police on assault charge. |
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Term
| _____ was told to get on her knees and bark like a dog, ______ sexual harassment. |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago |
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Term
| Thrasher's definition of gang's and it's importance |
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Definition
-"A gang is an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously and then integrated through conflict."
-Important: explicit illegal activity is not mentioned. |
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Term
| Miller (1970) defined a gang in terms of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| Organizational characteristics and dynamics |
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Term
| Give the 4 tenets of Miller's gang structure. |
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Definition
-Mutual interest with clearly defined leadership
-Well-developed lines of authority
-Desire to achieve a purpose
-Primarily the conduct of illegal activity, looking for control over territory or enterprise (struggle for dominance) |
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Term
| Finn-Aage Esbensen's elements of classifying a group as a gang |
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Definition
-Using colors or symbols to define the group
-Specific geographical areas (neighborhoods)
-Age 12-24
-Involvement in illegal activity is a central element |
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Term
| 2 Organizational features of urban gangs |
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Definition
Vertical/Hierarchical
Horizontal |
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Term
| The Bloods/Crips are _____ type of urban gang |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was different about the gangs in Patillo's "Sweet Mothers and Gangbangers?" |
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Definition
-Focus on higher income neighborhoods instead of ghetto
-Coexistence of gang members with top officials |
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|
Term
| Groveland theory on social organization and gangs |
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Definition
| Stability and dense networks facilitate social control but do not prevent gang behavior. |
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Term
| 6% of crime perpetrators are also _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of Gender Organization of Gangs |
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Definition
1) Mixed gender gang - most common
2) female gangs affiliated with male gangs (auxiliary gangs)
3) independent female gangs (least common) |
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|
Term
| Females in gangs are sometimes much _____ than males not involved in gangs. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Youth involved in gangs are more likely than youth not involved in gangs to participate in _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cycle of Violence Hypothesis [Widom] |
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Definition
| When abused children become abusers and when victims of violence become violent offenders |
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Term
| Cycle of violence can refer to 2 types of behavior: |
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Definition
1) abuse as a child leading to abuse as a parent
2) child abuse leading to delinquent behaviors |
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|
Term
| Consider correlation vs. causation in regards to the cycle of violence theory. |
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Definition
| Just because you are a victim does not automatically mean you will become an offender yourself. |
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Term
| Widom's definition of physical abuse |
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Definition
| When an individual "knowingly and willfully inflicted unnecessary severe corporal punishment" or "unnecessary physical suffering" upon a child or children -- i.e. striking, kicking, punching, biting, throwing, or burning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves a variety of charges ranging from relatively non-specific ones "assault and battery to with intent to gratify sexual desires" to more specific and detailed charges of "fondling and touching in an obscene manner." |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to cases in which the court found a child to have no proper parent care or guardianship |
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Term
| Widom's study design is notable because: |
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Definition
-Prospective study (not retrospective)
-Separate abused and neglected groups
-Followed children into adulthood
-Matched cohort design |
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Term
| Summarize Widom's findings. |
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Definition
-Through multivariate analyses found that those who had experienced physical abuse and neglect showed higher levels of violence in adulthood
-Those who had been sexually abused did NOT show violence in adulthood
-Support for cycle of violence limited to physical abuse and neglect, not sexual abuse |
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Term
| Johnson's two types of intimate partner violence |
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Definition
1) Patriarchal Terrorism
2) Common couple violence |
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Term
|
Definition
| systematically controlling the partner, including physical violence, social isolation, and economic dependency (men) |
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Term
|
Definition
| conflict escalates in the home environment, possibly getting out of hand; something like hitting or slapping out of anger |
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|
Term
| __________ is seen in common couple violence |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When adults in the household have been victimized, risk of child victimization _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Indirect victimization: example |
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Definition
| A child seeing his father hit his mother. |
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Term
| Routine activities theory |
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Definition
| More interaction in the home leads to more violence |
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Term
|
Definition
-Intimate partner/domestic violence
-Parent to child maltreatment
-sibling maltreatment |
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|
Term
| Key: Family as Social Institution |
|
Definition
| The modern family as an institution is insulated from the eyes, ears, and rules of modern society, social control can be quite low |
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|
Term
| General strain theory (Agnew) expands: |
|
Definition
| Relationship between stress and family violence |
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|
Term
| A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation |
|
Definition
| Sutherland White Collar Crime |
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|
Term
| Occupational vs. Organizational White Collar Crime |
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Definition
| Committed with the support of the organization, for gain of the corporation. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Employee theft and pilferage (dissatisfaction)
-Fraud in professions: overbilling
-Financial fraud: insider trading
-Police and political corruption |
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|
Term
| Organizational Crime (Corporate crime) |
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Definition
-Financial: corporate fraud, cheating, corruption (Enron)
-Violence: workers in unsafe places, consumers and unsafe products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Put on the market in 1979, had a defective gas tank that would burst into flames when cars were rear ended. 1/3 of the cost to let people die rather than fix it. |
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|
Term
| Street crime only costs ____ billion, but white collar crime costs _____ billion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deaths are higher for _____ crime than ____ crime. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Features of White Collar Offenses |
|
Definition
| Legitimate access, spatial separation, superficial access of legitimacy |
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|
Term
| 3 Techniques for committing white collar crime |
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Definition
| Deception, abuse of trust, concealment and conspiracy |
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|
Term
| 5 forms of contemporary terrorism: |
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Definition
| Revolutionary, political, nationalist, environmental, state-sponsored |
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Term
|
Definition
| Use violence to frighten those in power to replace the existing government with a regime with ‘acceptable’ religious or political views. Ex: Timothy Bay building where he detonated an explosive truck infront of a lobby which killed 170ish people, and injured 680 or so people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Directed at groups who oppose the terrorists’ political ideology |
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Term
|
Definition
| Promotes the interests of a minority group that has been prosecuted under majority rule--- Group wished to carve out its own piece of land etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| e.g. Al Queda --- jihad or religious war, declared against U.S. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ski operator wanted to expand into animal habitats, some group ended up setting fires to stop the ski lift expansion, which ended up costing 12 million dollars in damage. |
|
|
Term
| State sponsored terrorism |
|
Definition
| Forces its opposers into obedience. |
|
|
Term
| Turk: 3 Images of Terrorism |
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Definition
| Social construction, political violence, form of communication |
|
|
Term
| Turk: social construction of terrorism |
|
Definition
-Interpretation of events
-Stigmatization between groups in conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Terrorism: is “the deliberate targeting of more or less randomly selected victims whose deaths and injuries are expected to weaken the opponent’s will to persist in political conflict.” (p.248)
- Political motivation NOT economic distress |
|
|
Term
| Turk: form of communication |
|
Definition
- Terrorism is a communication through violence that problems exist.
- Implies peaceful efforts have failed, violence as way to redress grievances
- Censorship: Pros/cons |
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